Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela abhekisela kakhulu kuma-thermoplastic angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha. Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela anezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu eziphelele, ukuqina okuphezulu, ukukhukhuleka okuphansi, amandla aphezulu omshini, ukumelana okuhle nokushisa, kanye nokufakwa kahle kukagesi. Angasetshenziswa isikhathi eside ezindaweni ezinzima zamakhemikhali nezingokwenyama futhi angathatha indawo yezinsimbi njengezinto zokwakha zobunjiniyela. Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela angahlukaniswa abe amapulasitiki obunjiniyela ajwayelekile kanye namapulasitiki obunjiniyela akhethekile. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zalawo angaphambili yi-polyamide (PA), i-polycarbonate (PC), i-polyoxymethylene (POM), i-polyphenylene ether (PPO) kanye ne-polyester (PBT). Kanye ne-PET) amapulasitiki amahlanu obunjiniyela ajwayelekile; lawa avame ukubhekisela kumapulasitiki obunjiniyela anokumelana nokushisa okungaphezu kwe-150Co, izinhlobo eziyinhloko yi-polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), i-liquid crystal High molecular polymer (LCP), i-polysulfone (PSF), i-polyimide (PI), i-polyaryletherketone (PEEK), i-polyarylate (PAR), njll.
Akukho mugqa ocacile ohlukanisayo phakathi kwamapulasitiki obunjiniyela namapulasitiki asetshenziswa kabanzi. Isibonelo, i-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) iphakathi kwalezi ezimbili. Amamaki ayo athuthukile angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha zobunjiniyela. Amamaki ayimapulasitiki asetshenziswa kabanzi (ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe, i-ABS ihlukaniswa njengemapulasitiki asetshenziswa kabanzi). Isibonelo, i-polypropylene (PP) iyipulasitiki ejwayelekile esetshenziswa kabanzi, kodwa ngemva kokuqinisa i-fiber yengilazi nokunye ukuxuba, amandla ayo okusebenza kanye nokumelana nokushisa kuthuthukiswe kakhulu, futhi ingasetshenziswa futhi njengezinto zokwakha emikhakheni eminingi yobunjiniyela. Isibonelo, i-polyethylene nayo iyipulasitiki ejwayelekile esetshenziswa kabanzi, kodwa i-polyethylene enesisindo sama-molecule esiphezulu kakhulu enesisindo sama-molecule esingaphezu kwesigidi, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinhle kakhulu zobunjiniyela kanye nokushisa okuphezulu kokushisa, ingasetshenziswa kabanzi njengepulasitiki yobunjiniyela emishinini, ezokuthutha, emishinini yamakhemikhali njll.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla, ukuqina, ukuqina komlilo kanye nezinye izakhiwo zepulasitiki, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa izici ezithile zokusebenza kwe-substrate ye-resin yokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa amasu okuxuba njengokuqinisa, ukugcwalisa, kanye nokwengeza amanye ama-resin ngokusekelwe kuma-resin okwenziwa. Ugesi, i-magnetism, ukukhanya, ukushisa, ukumelana nokuguga, ukuqina komlilo, izakhiwo zemishini nezinye izici zihlangabezana nezidingo zokusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethekile. Izithasiselo zokuxuba zingaba yi-flame retantants, tougheners, stabilizers, njll., noma enye ipulasitiki noma i-fibre eqinisiwe, njll.; i-substrate ingaba yi-plastics ezinhlanu ezijwayelekile, ipulasitiki ezinhlanu ezijwayelekile zobunjiniyela, noma ipulasitiki ekhethekile yobunjiniyela.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zepulasitiki futhi zisetshenziswa kabanzi. Cishe ama-90% wezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-resin ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi-polyethylene PE, i-polypropylene PP, i-polyvinyl chloride PVC, i-polystyrene PS kanye ne-ABS resin. Kodwa-ke, ipulasitiki ngayinye inemikhawulo yayo.
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, abantu bebezibophezele ekuthuthukiseni izinto ezintsha ze-polymer. Phakathi kwezinkulungwane zezinto ezintsha ze-polymer ezithuthukisiwe, zimbalwa ezinezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, asinathemba lokuthuthukisa ezintsha. Izinto ze-polymer zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza. Kodwa-ke, sekuyindlela yemvelo yokucubungula amapulasitiki ngokugcwalisa, ukuxuba, kanye nezindlela zokuqinisa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubambezeleka komlilo, amandla, kanye nokumelana nomthelela.
Amapulasitiki ajwayelekile anezinkinga ezifana nokusha, ukuguga, izakhiwo eziphansi zemishini, kanye nokushisa okuphansi kokusebenza ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni nasekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke. Ngokushintsha, amapulasitiki avamile angafinyelela ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza, ukwanda komsebenzi, kanye nokunciphisa izindleko. Ingxenye ephezulu yepulasitiki eguquliwe yi-resin eyinhloko, esebenzisa izithasiselo noma amanye ama-resin athuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-resin kwesinye sezici ezifana ne-mechanics, i-rheology, ukusha, ugesi, ukushisa, ukukhanya, kanye ne-magnetism njengezinto ezisizayo. , Ukuqinisa, ukuqinisa, ukuxuba, ukuhlanganisa nezinye izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokuthola izinto ezibukeka ngendlela efanayo.
Amapulasitiki amahlanu ajwayelekile njengezinto eziyisisekelo: i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), kanye ne-polyvinyl chloride
Amapulasitiki amahlanu obunjiniyela ajwayelekile: i-polycarbonate (PC), i-polyamide (PA, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-nylon), i-polyester (PET/PBT), i-polyphenylene ether (PPO), i-Polyoxymethylene (POM)
Amapulasitiki obunjiniyela akhethekile: i-polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), i-polymer yekristalu eliwuketshezi (LCP), i-polysulfone (PSF), i-polyimide (PI), i-polyaryletherketone (PEEK), i-polyarylate (PAR), njll.
Ngokuphathelene nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingezansi, amapulasitiki aguquliwe asetshenziswa kakhulu ezimbonini ezifana nezinto zasekhaya, izimoto, kanye nezinto zikagesi.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, ngokuthuthuka komnotho wezwe lami, amandla emakethe epulasitiki eguquliwe akhule kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwepulasitiki eguquliwe ezweni lami kuqhubeke nokukhula kusuka kumathani angu-720,000 ekuqaleni kuka-2000 kuya kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-7.89 ngo-2013. Izinga lokukhula kwenhlanganisela liphezulu lifinyelela ku-18.6%, kanti izimboni zemishini yasekhaya nezimoto zibanga ingxenye ephezulu yezicelo ezingezansi.
Ngo-Agasti 2009, izwe laqala izinqubomgomo "zokusebenzisa izinto zasekhaya emaphandleni" ezindaweni zasemakhaya kanye "nokufaka izinto ezindala endaweni entsha" ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Imakethe yezinto zasekhaya ezifana neziphephetha-moya kanye neziqandisi yasheshe yalulama, okwenza ukukhula okusheshayo kwesidingo sepulasitiki eguquliwe yezinto zasekhaya. Ngemva kokubhekana nokukhula okusheshayo kwezinto zasekhaya eziya emaphandleni, izinga lokukhula kwemboni yezinto zasekhaya ezweni lami liye lehla, kanti nesidingo sepulasitiki eguquliwe naso sehlile. Ukukhula emkhakheni wezimoto kube yimbangela eyinhloko yokwanda kokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki eguquliwe.
Njengamanje, iShayina isibe yizwe elikhulu ekukhiqizweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zasekhaya, futhi iyisikhungo sokukhiqiza izinto zasekhaya zomhlaba wonke. Iningi lamapulasitiki asetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinto zasekhaya angama-thermoplastic, angaba ngu-90%. Cishe wonke amapulasitiki asetshenziswa ezintweni zasekhaya adinga ukuguqulwa. Njengamanje, ingxenye yamapulasitiki ezintweni ezinkulu zasekhaya eShayina ingu: 60% yabahlanzi be-vacuum, 38% eziqandisini, 34% yemishini yokuwasha, 23% yama-TV, kanye no-10% wama-air conditioner.
Imishini yasekhaya eya emaphandleni yaqala ngoDisemba 2007, kanti iqembu lokuqala lezifundazwe namadolobha okuhlola laphela ekupheleni kukaNovemba 2011, kanti ezinye izifundazwe namadolobha nazo zaphela eminyakeni eyi-1-2 eyalandela. Ngokombono wezinga lokukhula komkhiqizo wezinhlobo ezine zemishini yasekhaya njenge-air conditioner, ama-TV anombala, imishini yokuwasha kanye neziqandisi, izinga lokukhula komkhiqizo wemishini yasekhaya laliphezulu kakhulu ngesikhathi lapho imishini yasekhaya iya emaphandleni. Izinga lokukhula kwesikhathi esizayo embonini yemishini yasekhaya kulindeleke ukuthi lihlale lisezingeni lokukhula elingu-4-8%. Intuthuko eqhubekayo yomkhakha wemishini yasekhaya inikeza isidingo semakethe esizinzile sokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki.
Imboni yezimoto iyinkambu enkulu yokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki eguquliwe ngaphezu kwemboni yemishini yasekhaya. Ipulasitiki eguquliwe ibilokhu isetshenziswa embonini yezimoto cishe iminyaka engama-60. Isetshenziswa ezimotweni, inganciphisa isisindo, ibe nobungane nemvelo, iphephe, ibe yinhle, futhi ikhululeke. Ukonga amandla, ukuqina, njll., kanye nepulasitiki engu-1kg kungathatha indawo yensimbi engu-2-3kg nezinye izinto, okunganciphisa kakhulu isisindo somzimba wemoto. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ukwehla ngo-10% kwesisindo semoto kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngo-6-8%, futhi kunciphise kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa komoya emotweni. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuqinile kanye nezindinganiso zokukhishwa komoya. Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki eguquliwe ezimotweni kuye kwathuthuka kancane kancane kusuka ezintweni zangaphakathi kuya ezingxenyeni zangaphandle kanye nezingxenye zenjini ezingaphandle, kuyilapho ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki eguquliwe ezimotweni emazweni athuthukile Kusukela esigabeni sokuqala sokungamukelwa, kuye kwathuthuka kancane kancane kwafika kumakhilogremu angu-105 ngemoto ngo-2000, futhi kwafinyelela ngaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-150 ngo-2010.
Ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki eguquliwe ezimotweni ezweni lakithi kukhule ngokushesha. Njengamanje, isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki eguquliwe ngemoto ngayinye ezweni lakithi singama-110-120 kg, okungemuva kakhulu kuka-150-160 kg/imoto emazweni athuthukile. Ngokuthuthuka kokuqwashisa ngemvelo kwabathengi kanye nezindinganiso eziqinile zokukhishwa komoya, ukuthambekela kwezimoto ezilula kuba sobala kakhulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki eguquliwe ezimotweni kuzoqhubeka nokukhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ukuthengiswa kwezimoto ezweni lakithi kube nokukhula okusheshayo futhi kwaba yimakethe yezimoto enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ngo-2009. Nakuba ukukhula kokuthengiswa kwezimoto kuye kwehla kancane kancane eminyakeni eyalandela, kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhubeke nokukhula okuqhubekayo esikhathini esizayo. Ngokukhula kokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki eguquliwe ezimotweni kanye nokukhula kokuthengiswa kwezimoto, ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki eguquliwe ezimotweni ezweni lakithi kuzoqhubeka nokukhula ngokushesha. Uma sicabanga ukuthi imoto ngayinye isebenzisa ipulasitiki engu-150kg, uma sibheka ukuthi umkhiqizo waminyaka yonke wezimoto zaseShayina udlula izigidi ezingu-20, isikhala semakethe singamathani ayizigidi ezintathu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yokuthi izimoto ziyimpahla ehlala isikhathi eside esetshenziswa ngabathengi, kuzoba nesidingo esithile sokushintsha izimoto ezikhona ngesikhathi sokuphila kwazo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki emakethe yokulungisa kuzobalelwa cishe ku-10% wokusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki ezimotweni ezintsha, futhi isikhala sangempela semakethe sikhulu.
Kunabaningi ababambe iqhaza emakethe embonini yepulasitiki eguquliwe, ehlukaniswe kakhulu ngamakamu amabili, izinkampani ezinkulu zamakhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinkampani zasendaweni. Abakhiqizi bamazwe ngamazwe banobuchwepheshe obuhamba phambili kanye nokusebenza kahle komkhiqizo. Kodwa-ke, uhlobo lomkhiqizo lulodwa futhi isivinini sokuphendula emakethe sihamba kancane. Ngakho-ke, isabelo semakethe semakethe yezimoto zezwe lami asisiphezulu kangako. Izinkampani zepulasitiki eziguquliwe zasendaweni zixubile, ikakhulukazi amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi nendawo anekhono lokukhiqiza elingaphansi kwamathani angu-3,000, futhi imboni yezimoto inezidingo eziphezulu zokuzinza kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Kunzima ngamabhizinisi amancane naphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ngakho-ke kunzima ukudlula isitifiketi sezinkampani zezimoto. Ngemva kokuba izinkampani zepulasitiki ezinkulu eziguquliwe zidlulile isitifiketi sezinkampani zezimoto futhi zingene ochungechungeni lwazo lokuhlinzeka, ngokuvamile zizoba abalingani bazo besikhathi eside, futhi amandla azo okuxoxisana azokhula kancane kancane.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-30-2020