Plastiki z’ubwubatsi ahanini yerekeza kuri thermoplastics zishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi. Plastiki z’ubwubatsi zifite imiterere myiza cyane, gukomera cyane, kudahindagurika cyane, imbaraga nyinshi za mekanike, kudashyuha neza, no gukingira neza amashanyarazi. Zishobora gukoreshwa igihe kirekire mu bidukikije bikomeye bya shimi n'ibinyabutabire kandi zishobora gusimbura ibyuma nk'ibikoresho by'ubwubatsi. Plastiki z’ubwubatsi zishobora kugabanywamo plastiki rusange z’ubwubatsi na plastiki zidasanzwe z’ubwubatsi. Ubwoko bw’ingenzi bwa mbere ni polyamide (PA), polycarbonate (PC), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyphenylene ether (PPO) na polyester (PBT). Na PET) plastiki eshanu z’ubwubatsi rusange; iyi ya nyuma akenshi yerekeza kuri plastiki z’ubwubatsi zifite ubushobozi bwo kudashyuha buri hejuru ya 150Co, ubwoko bw’ingenzi ni polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), crystal y’amazi Polymer ifite molekile nyinshi (LCP), polysulfone (PSF), polyimide (PI), polyaryletherketone (PEEK), polyarylate (PAR), nibindi.
Nta murongo ugaragara utandukanya pulasitiki z’ubuhanga n’izikoreshwa muri rusange. Urugero, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) iri hagati y’izo zombi. Ingano zayo zo hejuru zishobora gukoreshwa nk’ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi. Ingano ni pulasitiki isanzwe ikoreshwa muri rusange (muri rusange mu mahanga, ABS ishyirwa mu byiciro bya pulasitiki ikoreshwa muri rusange). Urugero, polypropylene (PP) ni pulasitiki ikoreshwa muri rusange, ariko nyuma yo kongeramo fibre y’ikirahure no kuvanga ibindi, imbaraga zayo za mashini n’ubushyuhe byarushijeho kwiyongera, kandi ishobora no gukoreshwa nk’ibikoresho by’ubwubatsi mu nzego nyinshi z’ubuhanga. Urugero, polyethylene nayo ni pulasitiki ikoreshwa muri rusange, ariko ifite uburemere bwa molekile bwinshi cyane ifite uburemere bwa molekile burenga miliyoni 1, bitewe n’imiterere yayo myiza ya mashini n’ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo guhindura ubushyuhe, ishobora gukoreshwa cyane nk’imashini z’ubuhanga mu mashini, mu gutwara abantu, mu bikoresho bya chimique n’ibindi.
Kugira ngo hongerwe imbaraga, ubukomere, ubudahangarwa bw'umuriro n'indi miterere ya pulasitiki, ubusanzwe ni ngombwa kunoza imikorere ya resin y'ubukorano binyuze mu buryo bwo kuvanga nko gushimangira, kuzuza, no kongeramo izindi resin hashingiwe kuri resin y'ubukorano. Amashanyarazi, rukuruzi, urumuri, ubushyuhe, kudashaza, ubudahangarwa bw'umuriro, imiterere ya mekanike n'ibindi bice byujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo bikoreshwe mu bihe byihariye. Inyongera mu kuvanga zishobora kuba ibidahangarwa by'umuriro, ibikomeza imbaraga, ibidahangarwa, nibindi, cyangwa indi pulasitiki cyangwa fibre ikomeye, nibindi; substrate ishobora kuba pulasitiki eshanu rusange, pulasitiki eshanu rusange z'ubuhanga, cyangwa pulasitiki yihariye y'ubuhanga.
Hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa pulasitiki kandi zikoreshwa cyane. Hafi 90% by'ibikoresho fatizo bya resin bikunze gukoreshwa ni polyethylene PE, polypropylene PP, polyvinyl chloride PVC, polystyrene PS na resin ya ABS. Ariko, buri pulasitiki ifite aho igarukira.
Mu myaka mike ishize, abantu bagiye biyemeza guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya bya polimeri. Mu bihumbi by'ibikoresho bya polimeri bishya, bike bifite akamaro kanini. Kubwibyo, ntabwo twizeye guteza imbere ibishya. Ibikoresho bya polimeri kugira ngo binoze imikorere. Ariko, byabaye amahitamo asanzwe gutunganya pulasitiki binyuze mu kuzuza, kuvanga, no kongera imbaraga kugira ngo byongere imbaraga zo kudakoresha umuriro, imbaraga, no kurwanya ingaruka.
Plastike isanzwe ifite inenge nko gushya, gusaza, ubushobozi buke bwo gukora, n'ubushyuhe buke mu mikorere mu nganda no mu mikoreshereze ya buri munsi. Binyuze mu guhindura, plastiki isanzwe ishobora kongera imikorere, kongera imikorere, no kugabanya ikiguzi. Igice cyo hejuru cya plastiki yahinduwe ni resin y'ibanze, ikoresha inyongeramusaruro cyangwa izindi resin zinoza imikorere ya resin mu buryo bumwe cyangwa bwinshi nko kubaka, gutwika, amashanyarazi, ubushyuhe, urumuri, na rukuruzi nk'ibikoresho by'inyongera. , Gukomeza, gukomeza, kuvanga, guteranya n'ubundi buryo bwa tekiniki kugira ngo ubone ibikoresho bifite imiterere imwe.
Plasitiki eshanu zikoreshwa muri rusange nk'ibikoresho by'ibanze: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), na polyvinyl chloride
Plasitiki eshanu rusange z'ubuhanga: polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA, izwi kandi nka nylon), polyester (PET / PBT), polyphenylene ether (PPO), Polyoxymethylene (POM)
Plasitiki zidasanzwe z’ubuhanga: polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polymeri y’ikirungo cy’amazi (LCP), polysulfone (PSF), polyimide (PI), polyaryletherketone (PEEK), polyarylate (PAR), n’ibindi.
Ku bijyanye n'ikoreshwa ryazo, pulasitiki zavuguruwe zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu nganda nk'ibikoresho byo mu rugo, imodoka, n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
Kuva mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, bitewe n'iterambere ry'ubukungu bw'igihugu cyanjye, ubushobozi bw'isoko rya pulasitiki zavuguruwe bwarushijeho kwiyongera. Ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki zavuguruwe rigaragara mu gihugu cyanjye ryakomeje kwiyongera kuva kuri toni 720.000 mu ntangiriro za 2000 kugeza kuri toni miliyoni 7.89 mu 2013. Igipimo cy'izamuka ry'ibicuruzwa bivanze kiri hejuru ya 18.6%, kandi inganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu rugo n'imodoka zigize igice kinini cy'ikoreshwa ryazo.
Muri Kanama 2009, igihugu cyatangije politiki yo "gushyira ibikoresho byo mu rugo mu cyaro" mu byaro no "gusimbuza ibishaje ibishya" mu mijyi. Isoko ry'ibikoresho byo mu rugo nka firigo na firigo ryagarutse vuba, bituma umubare w'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki byahinduwe wiyongera cyane ku bikoresho byo mu rugo. Nyuma yo kubona iterambere ryihuse ry'ibikoresho byo mu rugo bijya mu cyaro, umuvuduko w'inganda z'ibikoresho byo mu rugo mu gihugu cyanjye waragabanutse, kandi umubare w'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki byahinduwe nawo waragabanutse. Iterambere mu rwego rw'imodoka ryabaye impamvu nyamukuru y'ubwiyongere bw'ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki zahinduwe.
Kugeza ubu, Ubushinwa bwabaye igihugu gikomeye mu gukora no gukoresha ibikoresho byo mu rugo, kandi ni cyo kigo cy’inganda z’ibikoresho byo mu rugo ku isi. Inyinshi muri za plastiki zikoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho byo mu rugo ni thermoplastics, zingana na 90%. Hafi ya za plastiki zose zikoreshwa mu bikoresho byo mu rugo zigomba kuvugururwa. Kuri ubu, igipimo cya za plastiki mu bikoresho bikomeye byo mu rugo mu Bushinwa ni: 60% ku byuma bisukura, 38% kuri firigo, 34% ku mashini zimesa, 23% kuri televiziyo, na 10% ku byuma bikonjesha.
Ibikoresho byo mu rugo byatangiye gukoreshwa mu cyaro mu Kuboza 2007, kandi itsinda rya mbere ry’intara n’imijyi by’icyitegererezo ryarangiye mu mpera z’Ugushyingo 2011, naho izindi ntara n’imijyi nazo zirangira mu myaka 1-2 yakurikiyeho. Ukurikije igipimo cy’ubwiyongere bw’umusaruro w’ubwoko bune bw’ibikoresho byo mu rugo nka conditionerizing, televiziyo z’amabara, imashini zo kumesa na firigo, igipimo cy’ubwiyongere bw’umusaruro w’ibikoresho byo mu rugo cyari hejuru cyane mu gihe ibikoresho byo mu rugo byajyaga mu cyaro. Biteganijwe ko igipimo cy’ubwiyongere bw’inganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu rugo mu gihe kizaza kizakomeza kwiyongeraho 4-8%. Iterambere rihoraho ry’urwego rw’ibikoresho byo mu rugo ritanga isoko rihamye ryo guhindura pulasitiki.
Inganda z'imodoka ni urwego rukoreshwa cyane mu gukoresha pulasitiki zavuguruwe usibye n'inganda zikora ibikoresho byo mu rugo. Plastike zavuguruwe zimaze imyaka hafi 60 zikoreshwa mu nganda z'imodoka. Zikoreshwa mu modoka, zishobora kugabanya ibiro, kuba nziza ku bidukikije, zitekanye, nziza, kandi zigatuma zimererwa neza. Kuzigama ingufu, kuramba, n'ibindi, na pulasitiki ya 1kg bishobora gusimbura ibyuma 2-3kg n'ibindi bikoresho, bishobora kugabanya uburemere bw'umubiri w'imodoka cyane. Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko kugabanya uburemere bw'imodoka 10% bishobora kugabanya ikoreshwa rya lisansi ho 6-8%, kandi bikagabanya cyane ikoreshwa ry'ingufu n'imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu modoka. Ikoreshwa ry'ingufu n'ibipimo by'imyuka ihumanya ikirere bigenda birushaho gukomera. Uko ikoranabuhanga ryagiye ritera imbere, mu myaka yakurikiyeho, ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki zavuguruwe mu modoka ryagiye ritera imbere buhoro buhoro kuva ku bikoresho byo imbere kugera ku bice byo hanze n'ibice byo hanze bya moteri, mu gihe ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki zavuguruwe mu modoka mu bihugu byateye imbere Kuva ku ntambwe ya mbere yo kutemewe, yagiye itera imbere buhoro buhoro igera kuri kilogarama 105 kuri buri modoka mu 2000, kandi igera kuri kilogarama zirenga 150 mu 2010.
Ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki yahinduwe ku modoka mu gihugu cyanjye ryiyongereye cyane. Kuri ubu, impuzandengo y'ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki yahinduwe ku modoka imwe mu gihugu cyanjye ni 110-120 kg, ibi bikaba biri inyuma cyane y'ibiro 150-160 ku modoka mu bihugu byateye imbere. Bitewe no kunoza ubumenyi bw'abaguzi ku bidukikije no gupima imyuka ihumanya ikirere, icyerekezo cy'imodoka zoroshye kirushaho kugaragara, kandi ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki yahinduwe ku modoka rizakomeza kwiyongera. Byongeye kandi, mu myaka icumi ishize, kugurisha imodoka mu gihugu cyanjye byagize iterambere ryihuse kandi biba isoko rikomeye ku modoka ku isi mu 2009. Nubwo iterambere ry'igurishwa ry'imodoka ryagabanutse buhoro buhoro mu myaka yakurikiyeho, byitezwe ko rizakomeza kwiyongera mu gihe kizaza. Bitewe n'ubwiyongere bw'ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki yahinduwe ku modoka no kwiyongera kw'igurishwa ry'imodoka, ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki yahinduwe ku modoka mu gihugu cyanjye rizakomeza kwiyongera cyane. Dufashe ko buri modoka ikoresha pulasitiki ya 150 kg, ukurikije ko umusaruro w'imodoka zo mu Bushinwa urenga miliyoni 20 buri mwaka, isoko ni toni miliyoni 3.
Muri icyo gihe, kubera ko imodoka ari ibicuruzwa biramba, hazabaho icyifuzo runaka cyo gusimbuza imodoka zisanzwe mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwazo. Bivugwa ko ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki ku isoko ryo kubungabunga rizaba ringana na 10% by'ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki mu modoka nshya, kandi isoko nyaryo ni rinini.
Hari abitabira isoko benshi mu nganda za pulasitiki zahinduwe, bigabanyijemo ibice bibiri, inganda nini z’ibinyabutabire n’ibigo byo mu gihugu. Inganda mpuzamahanga zifite ikoranabuhanga rikomeye n’imikorere myiza y’ibicuruzwa. Ariko, ubwoko bw’ibicuruzwa ni bumwe kandi umuvuduko w’isoko ry’ibicuruzwa ni muto. Kubwibyo, isoko ry’isoko ry’imodoka zo mu gihugu cyanjye si rinini. Ibigo bya pulasitiki byahinduwe byo mu gihugu ni ibigo bivanze, ahanini bito n’ibiciriritse bifite ubushobozi bwo gukora toni zitarenze 3.000, kandi inganda z’imodoka zifite ibisabwa byinshi kugira ngo ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa bube bwiza. Biragoye ku bigo bito n’ibiciriritse kwemeza ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa, bityo biragoye kwemeza ko ibigo by’imodoka bifite ubuziranenge. Nyuma yuko ibigo binini bya pulasitiki byahinduwe bitsindiye icyemezo cy’ibigo by’imodoka bikinjira mu ruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa, akenshi bazaba abafatanyabikorwa babo b’igihe kirekire, kandi ubushobozi bwabo bwo kungurana ibitekerezo buzagenda bwiyongera buhoro buhoro.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-30-2020