Iiplastiki zobunjineli zibhekisa kakhulu kwii-thermoplastics ezinokusetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokwakha. Iiplastiki zobunjineli zineempawu ezibalaseleyo ezibanzi, ukuqina okuphezulu, ukutyibilika okuphantsi, amandla aphezulu oomatshini, ukumelana nobushushu okuhle, kunye nokufakelwa kombane okuhle. Zingasetyenziswa ixesha elide kwiindawo ezinzima zeekhemikhali kunye nezakhiwo kwaye zingathatha indawo yeesinyithi njengezixhobo zokwakha zobunjineli. Iiplastiki zobunjineli zinokwahlulwa zibe ziiplastiki zobunjineli ngokubanzi kunye neeplastiki ezikhethekileyo zobunjineli. Iindidi eziphambili zezo zangaphambili yi-polyamide (PA), i-polycarbonate (PC), i-polyoxymethylene (POM), i-polyphenylene ether (PPO) kunye ne-polyester (PBT). Kunye ne-PET) iiplastiki ezintlanu zobunjineli ngokubanzi; le yokugqibela idla ngokubhekisa kwiiplastiki zobunjineli ezinokumelana nobushushu ngaphezulu kwe-150Co, iintlobo eziphambili yi-polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), i-crystal yolwelo I-polymer ephezulu yemolekyuli (LCP), i-polysulfone (PSF), i-polyimide (PI), i-polyaryletherketone (PEEK), i-polyarylate (PAR), njl.
Akukho mgca ucacileyo wokwahlula phakathi kweeplastiki zobunjineli kunye neeplastiki ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Umzekelo, i-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) iphakathi kwezi zimbini. Amanqanaba ayo aphezulu angasetyenziswa njengezixhobo zokwakha ubunjineli. Olu luhlu ziiplastiki eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi (ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe ngokubanzi, i-ABS ihlelwa njengeeplastiki ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi). Umzekelo, i-polypropylene (PP) yiplastiki eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kodwa emva kokuqinisa ifayibha yeglasi kunye nokunye ukuxuba, amandla ayo oomatshini kunye nokumelana nobushushu kuphuculwe kakhulu, kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengezinto zokwakha kwiindawo ezininzi zobunjineli. Umzekelo, i-polyethylene ikwayiplastiki eqhelekileyo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kodwa i-polyethylene enobunzima obuphezulu kakhulu be-molecular enobunzima be-molecular obungaphezu kwesigidi, ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezintle zoomatshini kunye nobushushu obuphezulu bokujika kobushushu, ingasetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengeplastiki zobunjineli kumatshini, uthutho, izixhobo zekhemikhali njl.
Ukuze kuphuculwe amandla, ukuqina, ukulibaziseka komlilo kunye nezinye iimpawu zeplastiki, kudla ngokufuneka kuphuculwe iinkalo ezithile zokusebenza kwe-substrate ye-resin yokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokuxuba ezifana nokuqinisa, ukuzalisa, kunye nokongezwa kwezinye ii-resin ngokusekelwe kwi-resin yokwenziwa. Umbane, i-magnetism, ukukhanya, ubushushu, ukumelana nokwaluphala, ukulibaziseka komlilo, iimpawu zoomatshini kunye nezinye izinto ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zokusetyenziswa phantsi kweemeko ezikhethekileyo. Izongezo zokuxuba zinokuba zi-retant flame, i-tougheners, i-stabilizers, njl.njl., okanye enye iplastiki okanye i-fibre eqinisiweyo, njl.njl.; i-substrate inokuba ziiplastiki ezintlanu eziqhelekileyo, iiplastiki ezintlanu zobunjineli ngokubanzi, okanye iplastiki ekhethekileyo yobunjineli.
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeplastiki kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Malunga ne-90% yezinto ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ze-resin yi-polyethylene PE, i-polypropylene PP, i-polyvinyl chloride PVC, i-polystyrene PS kunye ne-ABS resin. Nangona kunjalo, iplastiki nganye inemida yayo.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, abantu bebezinikele ekuphuhlisweni kwezinto ezintsha zepolymer. Phakathi kwamawaka ezinto ezintsha zepolymer eziphuhlisiweyo, zimbalwa ezinezicelo ezinkulu. Ke ngoko, asinakuthemba ukuphuhlisa ezintsha. Izinto zepolymer zokuphucula ukusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, kube lukhetho lwendalo ukucubungula iiplastiki ngokuzalisa, ukuxuba, kunye neendlela zokuqinisa ukonyusa ukubambezeleka kwazo komlilo, amandla, kunye nokumelana nempembelelo.
Iiplastiki eziqhelekileyo zineziphene ezifana nokutsha, ukuguga, iipropati eziphantsi zoomatshini, kunye nobushushu obuphantsi bokusebenza kwimizi-mveliso nasekusetyenzisweni kwemihla ngemihla. Ngokuguqula, iiplastiki eziqhelekileyo zinokufikelela ekuphuculeni ukusebenza, ukonyuka komsebenzi, kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. I-resin esemgangathweni yeplastiki eguquliweyo yi-resin eyintloko, esebenzisa izongezo okanye ezinye ii-resin eziphucula ukusebenza kwe-resin kwinkalo enye okanye ezininzi ezifana ne-mechanics, i-rheology, ukutsha, umbane, ubushushu, ukukhanya, kunye ne-magnetism njengezinto ezincedisayo. Ukuqinisa, ukuqinisa, ukuxuba, ukuxuba kunye nezinye iindlela zobugcisa zokufumana izixhobo ezinembonakalo efanayo.
Iiplastiki ezintlanu ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengezinto ezisisiseko: i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), kunye ne-polyvinyl chloride
Iiplastiki ezintlanu zobunjineli ngokubanzi: i-polycarbonate (PC), i-polyamide (PA, ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-nylon), i-polyester (PET/PBT), i-polyphenylene ether (PPO), i-Polyoxymethylene (POM)
Iiplastiki zobunjineli ezikhethekileyo: i-polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), i-polymer yekristale engamanzi (LCP), i-polysulfone (PSF), i-polyimide (PI), i-polyaryletherketone (PEEK), i-polyarylate (PAR), njl.
Ngokuphathelele usetyenziso oluya phambili, iiplastiki ezilungisiweyo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini afana nezixhobo zasekhaya, iimoto, kunye nezixhobo ze-elektroniki.
Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, ngophuhliso loqoqosho olukhulu lwelizwe lam, amandla emarike eeplastiki eziguquliweyo akhule ngakumbi. Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kweplastiki eziguquliweyo kwilizwe lam kuqhubekile nokunyuka ukusuka kwiitoni ezingama-720,000 ekuqaleni kowama-2000 ukuya kwiitoni ezizizigidi ezi-7.89 ngo-2013. Izinga lokukhula kwe-compound liphezulu njenge-18.6%, kwaye amashishini ezixhobo zasekhaya kunye neemoto enza inxalenye ephezulu yezicelo ezisezantsi.
Ngo-Agasti ka-2009, ilizwe laqalisa imigaqo-nkqubo “yezixhobo zasekhaya eziya emaphandleni” kwiindawo zasemaphandleni kunye “nokutshintsha ezindala zibe zintsha” kwiindawo zasezidolophini. Imarike yezixhobo zasekhaya ezifana nee-air conditioner kunye neefriji yabuya ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo eyabangela ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwemfuno yeplastiki eguquliweyo yezixhobo zasekhaya. Emva kokubona ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwezixhobo zasekhaya eziya emaphandleni, izinga lokukhula kweshishini lezixhobo zasekhaya lelizwe lam liye lehla, kwaye nemfuno yeplastiki eguquliweyo nayo iye yehla. Ukukhula kwicandelo leemoto kuye kwaba sisizathu esiphambili sokonyuka kokusetyenziswa kweplastiki eguquliweyo.
Okwangoku, iTshayina ibe lilizwe elikhulu kwimveliso nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zasekhaya, kwaye liziko lokuvelisa izixhobo zasekhaya zehlabathi. Uninzi lweeplastiki ezisetyenziswa ekwenzeni izixhobo zasekhaya ziithermoplastics, ezimalunga nama-90%. Phantse zonke iiplastiki ezisetyenziswa kwizixhobo zasekhaya kufuneka zilungiswe. Okwangoku, umlinganiselo weplastiki kwizixhobo zasekhaya eziphambili eTshayina ngu: 60% kwiivacuum cleaners, 38% kwiifriji, 34% kwiimashini zokuhlamba, 23% kwiiTV, kunye ne-10% kwii-air conditioners.
Izixhobo zasekhaya eziya emaphandleni zaqala ngoDisemba ka-2007, kwaye iqela lokuqala lamaphondo nezixeko ezilingwayo laphela ekupheleni kukaNovemba ka-2011, kwaye amanye amaphondo nezixeko nawo aphela kwiminyaka eyi-1-2 elandelayo. Ngokwembono yesantya sokukhula kwemveliso yeentlobo ezine zezixhobo zasekhaya ezifana nee-air conditioner, iiTV ezinemibala, oomatshini bokuhlamba iimpahla kunye neefriji, izinga lokukhula kwemveliso yezixhobo zasekhaya laliphezulu kakhulu ngexesha apho izixhobo zasekhaya zaziya emaphandleni. Isantya sokukhula kwexesha elizayo kwishishini lezixhobo zasekhaya kulindeleke ukuba sihlale kwisantya sokukhula se-4-8%. Uphuhliso oluzinzileyo lwecandelo lezixhobo zasekhaya lubonelela ngemfuno yemarike ezinzileyo yokuguqulwa kweplastiki.
Ishishini leemoto licandelo eliphambili elisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiplastiki ezilungisiweyo ukongeza kwishishini lezixhobo zasekhaya. Iiplastiki ezilungisiweyo zisetyenziswe kwishishini leemoto phantse iminyaka engama-60. Zisetyenziswa kwiimoto, zinokunciphisa ubunzima, zibe nobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo, zikhuselekile, zintle, kwaye zikhululekile. Ukonga amandla, ukuqina, njl.njl., kunye ne-1kg yeplastiki kunokuthatha indawo ye-2-3kg yentsimbi kunye nezinye izinto, nto leyo enokunciphisa kakhulu ubunzima bomzimba wemoto. Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukunciphisa ubunzima bemoto nge-10% kunokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwepetroli nge-6-8%, kwaye kunciphise kakhulu ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nokukhutshwa komoya ophumayo emotweni. Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla okungqongqo kunye nemigangatho yokukhupha umoya ophumayo. Ngokuhambela phambili kwetekhnoloji, kwiminyaka elandelayo, ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki ezilungisiweyo kwiimoto kuye kwanda kancinci ukusuka kwizinto zangaphakathi ukuya kwiindawo zangaphandle kunye neendawo ze-injini, ngelixa ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki ezilungisiweyo kwiimoto kumazwe aphuhlileyo Ukususela kwinqanaba lokuqala lokungamkeleki, kuye kwanda kancinci ukuya kwiikhilogram ezili-105 kwisithuthi ngasinye ngo-2000, kwaye kwafikelela ngaphezulu kweekhilogram ezili-150 ngo-2010.
Ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki eziguquliweyo kwiimoto kwilizwe lam kukhule ngokukhawuleza. Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo kweplastiki eziguquliweyo kwimoto nganye kwilizwe lam yi-110-120 kg, nto leyo esemva kakhulu kwe-150-160 kg/isithuthi kumazwe aphuhlileyo. Ngokuphuculwa kolwazi lwabathengi ngokusingqongileyo kunye nemigangatho eqinileyo yokukhupha umbane, umkhwa weemoto ezikhaphukhaphu uya ucaca ngakumbi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki eziguquliweyo kwiimoto kuya kuqhubeka kusanda. Ukongeza, kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo, ukuthengiswa kweemoto zelizwe lam kuye kwakhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye kwaba yimarike enkulu yeemoto kwihlabathi ngo-2009. Nangona ukukhula kokuthengiswa kweemoto kuye kwehla kancinci kwiminyaka elandelayo, kulindeleke ukuba kuqhubeke nokukhula okuzinzileyo kwixesha elizayo. Ngokunyuka kokusetyenziswa kweplastiki eziguquliweyo kwiimoto kunye nokukhula kokuthengiswa kweemoto, ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki eziguquliweyo kwiimoto kwilizwe lam kuya kuqhubeka kukhula ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba imoto nganye isebenzisa i-150kg yeplastiki, xa kujongwa ukuba imveliso yonyaka yeemoto zaseTshayina idlula izigidi ezingama-20, indawo yemarike yi-3 yezigidi zeetoni.
Kwangaxeshanye, ngenxa yokuba iimoto zizinto ezisetyenziswa ngabantu abazinzileyo, kuya kubakho imfuneko ethile yokutshintshwa kweemoto ezikhoyo ngexesha lobomi bazo. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweplastiki kwimarike yolondolozo kuya kubalelwa malunga ne-10% yokusetyenziswa kweplastiki kwiimoto ezintsha, kwaye indawo yokwenyani yemarike inkulu.
Kukho abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi kwimarike kushishino lweplastiki eziguquliweyo, ezahlulwe kakhulu kwiinkampu ezimbini, iinkampani ezinkulu zeekhemikhali zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkampani zasekuhlaleni. Abavelisi bamazwe ngamazwe banetekhnoloji ehamba phambili kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo lwemveliso lulodwa kwaye isantya sempendulo yemarike sicotha. Ke ngoko, isabelo semarike semarike yeemoto zelizwe lam asiphezulu kangako. Iinkampani zeplastiki eziguquliweyo zasekuhlaleni zixubene, uninzi lwazo zincinci kwaye ziphakathi zinamandla emveliso angaphantsi kweetoni ezingama-3,000, kwaye ishishini leemoto lineemfuno eziphezulu zozinzo lomgangatho wemveliso. Kunzima kumashishini amancinci naphakathi ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lomgangatho wemveliso, ngoko ke kunzima ukuphumelela isatifikethi seenkampani zeemoto. Emva kokuba iinkampani zeplastiki ezinkulu eziguquliweyo ziphumelele isatifikethi seenkampani zezithuthi kwaye zingene kwikhonkco lazo lokubonelela, zihlala ziba ngamaqabane azo exesha elide, kwaye amandla azo okuxoxisana aya kunyuka kancinci kancinci.
Ixesha lokuposa: Novemba-30-2020