Mapulasitiki aukadaulo makamaka amatanthauza ma thermoplastics omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zomangira. Mapulasitiki aukadaulo ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri, kulimba kwambiri, kutsika pang'ono, mphamvu yayikulu yamakina, kukana kutentha bwino, komanso kutchinjiriza bwino magetsi. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali m'malo ovuta a mankhwala ndi zakuthupi ndipo amatha kusintha zitsulo ngati zinthu zomangira zaukadaulo. Mapulasitiki aukadaulo amatha kugawidwa m'mapulasitiki aukadaulo wamba ndi mapulasitiki apadera aukadaulo. Mitundu yayikulu ya yoyamba ndi polyamide (PA), polycarbonate (PC), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyphenylene ether (PPO) ndi polyester (PBT). Ndipo PET) mapulasitiki asanu aukadaulo wamba; omaliza nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mapulasitiki aukadaulo omwe ali ndi kukana kutentha kuposa 150Co, mitundu yayikulu ndi polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), crystal yamadzimadzi High molecular polymer (LCP), polysulfone (PSF), polyimide (PI), polyaryletherketone (PEEK), polyarylate (PAR), ndi zina zotero.
Palibe mzere wosiyanitsa pakati pa mapulasitiki aukadaulo ndi mapulasitiki ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) ili pakati pa ziwirizi. Magiredi ake apamwamba angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zipangizo zomangira uinjiniya. Magiredi ake ndi mapulasitiki wamba ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse (kunja konse, ABS imagawidwa ngati mapulasitiki wamba). Mwachitsanzo china, polypropylene (PP) ndi pulasitiki wamba wogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, koma pambuyo polimbitsa ulusi wagalasi ndi kusakaniza kwina, mphamvu zake zamakaniko ndi kukana kutentha kwakhala bwino kwambiri, ndipo ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati zinthu zomangira m'magawo ambiri auinjiniya. Mwachitsanzo china, polyethylene ndi pulasitiki wamba wogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, koma polyethylene wolemera kwambiri wa molekyulu wokhala ndi kulemera kwa molekyulu yoposa 1 miliyoni, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake abwino amakina komanso kutentha kwakukulu kosokoneza kutentha, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri ngati mapulasitiki aukadaulo mumakina, mayendedwe, zida zamakemikolo ndi zina.
Pofuna kulimbitsa mphamvu, kulimba, kuletsa moto ndi zina zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mapulasitiki, nthawi zambiri pamafunika kukonza mbali zina za ntchito ya substrate ya utomoni wopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosakaniza monga kulimbitsa, kudzaza, ndi kuwonjezera ma resin ena pogwiritsa ntchito ma resin opangidwa. Magetsi, mphamvu ya maginito, kuwala, kutentha, kukana ukalamba, kuletsa moto, zinthu zamakina ndi zina zimakwaniritsa zofunikira kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pazifukwa zapadera. Zowonjezera pakusakaniza zitha kukhala zoletsa moto, zolimbitsa, zokhazikika, ndi zina zotero, kapena pulasitiki ina kapena ulusi wolimbikitsidwa, ndi zina zotero; substrate ikhoza kukhala mapulasitiki asanu, mapulasitiki asanu aukadaulo, kapena pulasitiki yapadera yaukadaulo.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya mapulasitiki ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Pafupifupi 90% ya zinthu zopangira utomoni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi polyethylene PE, polypropylene PP, polyvinyl chloride PVC, polystyrene PS ndi ABS resin. Komabe, pulasitiki iliyonse ili ndi zofooka zake.
M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, anthu akhala odzipereka pakupanga zinthu zatsopano za polima. Pakati pa zinthu zambirimbiri za polima zomwe zapangidwa kumene, zochepa zomwe zili ndi ntchito zazikulu. Chifukwa chake, sitingathe kupanga zatsopano. Zipangizo za polima kuti ziwongolere magwiridwe antchito. Komabe, kwakhala chisankho chachilengedwe kukonza mapulasitiki mwa kudzaza, kusakaniza, ndi kulimbikitsa njira zowonjezera kuchedwa kwa moto, mphamvu, komanso kukana kugunda.
Mapulasitiki wamba ali ndi zofooka monga kuyaka, kukalamba, mphamvu zochepa zamakina, komanso kutentha kochepa kogwira ntchito m'mafakitale komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Kudzera mu kusintha, mapulasitiki wamba amatha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito, kukweza magwiridwe antchito, komanso kuchepetsa ndalama. Mbali ya pamwamba ya pulasitiki yosinthidwa ndi utomoni waukulu, womwe umagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera kapena ma resin ena omwe amathandizira magwiridwe antchito a utomoni m'mbali imodzi kapena zingapo monga makanika, rheology, kuyaka, magetsi, kutentha, kuwala, ndi maginito ngati zinthu zothandizira. , Kulimbitsa, kulimbitsa, kusakaniza, kuphatikiza ndi njira zina zaukadaulo kuti mupeze zinthu zomwe zimawoneka zofanana.
Mapulasitiki asanu ogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse monga zinthu zoyambira: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), ndi polyvinyl chloride
Mapulasitiki asanu aukadaulo: polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti nayiloni), polyester (PET/PBT), polyphenylene ether (PPO), Polyoxymethylene (POM)
Mapulasitiki apadera aukadaulo: polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polysulfone (PSF), polyimide (PI), polyaryletherketone (PEEK), polyarylate (PAR), ndi zina zotero.
Ponena za ntchito zoyambira, mapulasitiki osinthidwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'mafakitale monga zipangizo zapakhomo, magalimoto, ndi zipangizo zamagetsi.
Kuyambira pachiyambi cha zaka za m'ma 2000, ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko langa, mphamvu ya msika wa mapulasitiki osinthidwa yakula kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki osinthidwa m'dziko langa kwapitirira kuwonjezeka kuchoka pa matani 720,000 kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2000 kufika pa matani 7.89 miliyoni mu 2013. Kukula kwa zinthu zosakanikirana kuli pamwamba pa 18.6%, ndipo mafakitale a zida zapakhomo ndi magalimoto ndi omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pake.
Mu Ogasiti 2009, dzikolo linayambitsa mfundo za "zipangizo zapakhomo kupita kumidzi" m'madera akumidzi ndi "kusintha zakale kukhala zatsopano" m'mizinda. Msika wazipangizo zapakhomo monga ma air conditioner ndi mafiriji unayambiranso mofulumira, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti kufunika kwa mapulasitiki osinthidwa kukhale kwakukulu. Pambuyo poona kukula kwachangu kwa zida zapakhomo kupita kumidzi, kukula kwa makampani opanga zida zapakhomo m'dziko langa kwachepa, ndipo kufunikira kwa mapulasitiki osinthidwa nako kwachepa. Kukula kwa gawo la magalimoto kwakhala chifukwa chachikulu chowonjezera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mapulasitiki osinthidwa.
Pakadali pano, dziko la China lakhala dziko lalikulu pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapakhomo, ndipo ndi malo opangira zida zapakhomo padziko lonse lapansi. Mapulasitiki ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipangizo zapakhomo ndi a thermoplastics, omwe ndi pafupifupi 90%. Pafupifupi mapulasitiki onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zapakhomo amafunika kusinthidwa. Pakadali pano, gawo la mapulasitiki m'zida zazikulu zapakhomo ku China ndi: 60% ya zotsukira vacuum, 38% ya mafiriji, 34% ya makina ochapira, 23% ya ma TV, ndi 10% ya ma air conditioner.
Zipangizo zapakhomo kumidzi zinayamba mu Disembala 2007, ndipo gulu loyamba la zigawo ndi mizinda yoyesera linatha kumapeto kwa Novembala 2011, ndipo zigawo ndi mizinda ina inathanso m'zaka 1-2 zotsatira. Kuchokera pakuwona kukula kwa mitundu inayi ya zida zapakhomo monga ma air conditioner, ma TV amitundu, makina ochapira ndi mafiriji, kukula kwa zipangizo zapakhomo kunali kwakukulu kwambiri panthawi yomwe zida zapakhomo zinkapita kumidzi. Kukula kwamtsogolo kwa makampani opanga zida zapakhomo kukuyembekezeka kukhalabe pakukula kwa 4-8%. Kukula kosalekeza kwa gawo la zida zapakhomo kumapereka kufunikira kokhazikika pamsika kwa kusintha kwa pulasitiki.
Makampani opanga magalimoto ndi gawo lalikulu logwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mapulasitiki osinthidwa kuwonjezera pa makampani opanga zida zapakhomo. Mapulasitiki osinthidwa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani opanga magalimoto kwa zaka pafupifupi 60. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magalimoto, amatha kuchepetsa kulemera, kukhala ochezeka kwa chilengedwe, otetezeka, okongola, komanso omasuka. Kusunga mphamvu, kulimba, ndi zina zotero, ndi pulasitiki ya 1kg kumatha kulowa m'malo mwa chitsulo cha 2-3kg ndi zinthu zina, zomwe zingachepetse kwambiri kulemera kwa thupi la galimoto. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kuchepetsa kulemera kwa galimoto ndi 10% kungachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi 6-8%, ndikuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kutulutsa utsi wa galimoto. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu molimbika komanso miyezo yotulutsa utsi wa galimoto. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo, m'zaka makumi otsatira, kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki osinthidwa m'magalimoto kwakula pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kuzinthu zamkati kupita kuzinthu zakunja ndi ziwalo zamkati za injini, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki osinthidwa m'magalimoto m'maiko otukuka. Kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe sichinavomerezedwe, pang'onopang'ono yakula kufika pa makilogalamu 105 pagalimoto iliyonse mu 2000, ndipo yafika pa makilogalamu oposa 150 mu 2010.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki osinthidwa pamagalimoto m'dziko langa kwakula mofulumira. Pakadali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki osinthidwa pagalimoto iliyonse m'dziko langa ndi 110-120 kg, zomwe zili kutali kwambiri ndi 150-160 kg/galimoto m'maiko otukuka. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chidziwitso cha chilengedwe cha ogula komanso miyezo yokhwima yotulutsa utsi, chizolowezi cha magalimoto opepuka chikuwonekera kwambiri, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki osinthidwa pamagalimoto kudzapitirira kukwera. Kuphatikiza apo, m'zaka khumi zapitazi, kugulitsa magalimoto m'dziko langa kwakula mofulumira ndipo kwakhala msika waukulu kwambiri wamagalimoto padziko lonse mu 2009. Ngakhale kukula kwa malonda a magalimoto kwachepa pang'onopang'ono m'zaka zotsatira, akuyembekezeka kukhalabe ndi kukula kosalekeza mtsogolo. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mapulasitiki osinthidwa pamagalimoto komanso kukula kwa malonda a magalimoto, kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki osinthidwa pamagalimoto m'dziko langa kudzapitirira kukula mofulumira. Poganiza kuti galimoto iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito pulasitiki ya 150kg, poganizira kuti kutulutsa kwapachaka kwa magalimoto aku China kumaposa 20 miliyoni, malo amsika ndi matani 3 miliyoni.
Nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa magalimoto ndi zinthu zokhazikika zomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito, padzakhala kufunika kwina kwa magalimoto omwe alipo panthawi yonse ya moyo wawo. Akuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa pulasitiki pamsika wokonza kudzapanga pafupifupi 10% ya kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa pulasitiki m'magalimoto atsopano, ndipo malo enieni amsika ndi akulu.
Pali anthu ambiri omwe akutenga nawo mbali pamsika mumakampani opanga mapulasitiki osinthidwa, omwe amagawidwa m'magulu awiri, makampani akuluakulu a mankhwala ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana komanso makampani am'deralo. Opanga padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri. Komabe, mitundu ya zinthu ndi imodzi ndipo liwiro la msika limachepa. Chifukwa chake, gawo la msika wa magalimoto mdziko langa si lalikulu kwambiri. Makampani apulasitiki osinthidwa am'deralo ndi osakanikirana, makamaka mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati omwe ali ndi mphamvu zopangira zosakwana matani 3,000, ndipo makampani opanga magalimoto ali ndi zofunikira kwambiri kuti zinthu zikhale bwino. N'zovuta kuti mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati atsimikizire kukhazikika kwa zinthu, kotero zimakhala zovuta kupititsa satifiketi ya makampani opanga magalimoto. Makampani akuluakulu apulasitiki osinthidwa akapereka satifiketi ya makampani opanga magalimoto ndikulowa mu unyolo wawo woperekera, nthawi zambiri amakhala ogwirizana nawo kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo mphamvu zawo zogulira zidzawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-30-2020