Ko ngā kirihou hangarau e pā ana ki ngā kirihou wera ka taea te whakamahi hei rauemi hanganga. He tino pai ngā āhuatanga whānui o ngā kirihou hangarau, he pakari teitei, he iti te ngoki, he kaha miihini teitei, he ātete wera pai, he pai hoki te ārai hiko. Ka taea te whakamahi mō te wā roa i roto i ngā taiao matū me ngā taiao ā-tinana kino, ā, ka taea te whakakapi i ngā konganuku hei rauemi hanganga hangarau. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā kirihou hangarau ki ngā kirihou hangarau whānui me ngā kirihou hangarau motuhake. Ko ngā momo matua o mua ko te polyamide (PA), te polycarbonate (PC), te polyoxymethylene (POM), te polyphenylene ether (PPO) me te polyester (PBT). Me ngā kirihou hangarau whānui PET) e rima; ko te mea whakamutunga e pā ana ki ngā kirihou hangarau me te ātete wera i runga ake i te 150Co, ko ngā momo matua ko te polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), te wai tioata teitei polymer ngota (LCP), te polysulfone (PSF), te polyimide (PI), te polyaryletherketone (PEEK), te polyarylate (PAR), me ētahi atu.
Kāore he rārangi wehewehe mārama i waenga i ngā kirihou hangarau me ngā kirihou whānui. Hei tauira, kei waenganui i ngā mea e rua te copolymer acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). Ka taea te whakamahi i ōna momo matatau hei rauemi hanganga hangarau. Ko te momo he kirihou whānui noa (i tāwāhi, ko te ABS he kirihou whānui). Hei tauira anō, ko te polypropylene (PP) he kirihou whānui noa, engari i muri i te whakakaha muka karāhe me ētahi atu ranunga, kua tino pai ake tōna kaha miihini me tōna ātete wera, ā, ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei rauemi hanganga i roto i ngā mara hangarau maha. Hei tauira anō, he kirihou whānui noa te polyethylene, engari ko te polyethylene taumaha ngota tino teitei me te taumaha ngota neke atu i te 1 miriona, nā ōna āhuatanga miihini pai me te pāmahana whakararuraru wera teitei, ka taea te whakamahi whānui hei kirihou hangarau i roto i te mīhini, te kawe waka, ngā taputapu matū me ētahi atu.
Hei whakapai ake i te kaha, te pakari, te ātete mura me ētahi atu āhuatanga o ngā kirihou, he mea tika kia whakapai ake i ētahi āhuatanga o te mahi a te papa kapia hangai mā roto i ngā tikanga whakaranu pēnei i te whakapakari, te whakakī, me te tāpiri i ētahi atu kapia i runga i ngā kapia hangai. Ko te hiko, te aukume, te mārama, te wera, te ātete koroheketanga, te ātete mura, ngā āhuatanga miihini me ētahi atu āhuatanga e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamahinga i raro i ngā tikanga motuhake. Ko ngā tāpiringa mō te whakaranu ka taea te ārai mura, te whakapakeke, te whakaū, me ētahi atu, tētahi atu kirihou, muka whakapakari rānei, me ētahi atu; ka taea te papa te rima kirihou whānui, rima kirihou hangarau whānui, kirihou hangarau motuhake rānei.
He maha ngā momo kirihou, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Tata ki te 90% o ngā rauemi mata o te kapia e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko te polyethylene PE, te polypropylene PP, te polyvinyl chloride PVC, te polystyrene PS me te kapia ABS. Heoi, he iti iho ngā ngoikoretanga o ia kirihou.
I ngā tekau tau kua pahure ake nei, kua whakapau kaha te iwi ki te whakawhanake i ngā rauemi pūmua hou. I roto i ngā mano tini o ngā rauemi pūmua hou kua whakawhanakehia, he iti noa iho ngā mea he nui ngā tono. Nō reira, kāore e taea te tumanako ki te whakawhanake i ngā mea hou. Ngā rauemi pūmua hei whakapai ake i te mahi. Heoi, kua waiho hei whiringa maori te tukatuka i ngā kirihou mā te whakakī, te whakaranu, me te whakapakari i ngā tikanga hei whakarei ake i tō rātou ātete mura, kaha, me te ātete pānga.
He ngoikoretanga ngā kirihou noa pērā i te mura, te koroheketanga, te iti o ngā āhuatanga miihini, me te iti o te pāmahana whakahaere i roto i te whakamahinga ahumahi me te kai o ia rā. Mā te whakarerekētanga, ka taea e ngā kirihou noa te whakatutuki i te whakapai ake i te mahi, te whakapiki i te mahi, me te whakaiti i te utu. Ko te mea kei mua i te kirihou whakarerekētia ko te kapia ahua tuatahi, e whakamahi ana i ngā tāpiringa, i ētahi atu kapia rānei hei whakapai ake i te mahi a te kapia i roto i tētahi, i ētahi rānei āhuatanga pērā i te miihini, te rheology, te mura, te hiko, te wera, te mārama, me te aukume hei rauemi āwhina. , Te whakapakeke, te whakapakari, te whakaranu, te whakakotahi me ētahi atu tikanga hangarau hei whiwhi rauemi he āhua ōrite.
E rima ngā kirihou whānui hei rauemi turanga: polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), me te polyvinyl chloride
E rima ngā kirihou hangarau whānui: polycarbonate (PC), polyamide (PA, e mōhiotia ana ko te nairona), polyester (PET/PBT), polyphenylene ether (PPO), Polyoxymethylene (POM)
Ngā kirihou hangarau motuhake: te polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), te polymer tioata wai (LCP), te polysulfone (PSF), te polyimide (PI), te polyaryletherketone (PEEK), te polyarylate (PAR), me ētahi atu.
Mō ngā tono o muri mai, ka whakamahia te nuinga o ngā kirihou kua whakarerekētia i roto i ngā ahumahi pēnei i ngā taputapu whare, ngā motuka, me ngā taputapu hiko.
Mai i te tīmatanga o te rautau 21, me te whanaketanga o te ōhanga whānui o tōku whenua, kua whānui haere te kaha mākete o ngā kirihou kua whakarerekētia. Kei te piki haere tonu te whakamahinga kitea o ngā kirihou kua whakarerekētia i tōku whenua mai i te 720,000 tāne i te tīmatanga o te tau 2000 ki te 7.89 miriona tāne i te tau 2013. Ko te tere tipu matū he teitei ki te 18.6%, ā, ko ngā ahumahi taputapu whare me ngā motuka te nuinga o ngā tono o muri mai.
I te marama o Ākuhata 2009, i whakarewahia e te whenua ngā kaupapa here "taputapu kāinga ki te whenua" i ngā rohe whenua me te "whakakapi i te mea tawhito ki te mea hou" i ngā rohe tāone. I tere te ora ake o te mākete mō ngā taputapu kāinga pēnei i ngā hauhautanga me ngā pouaka whakamātao, ā, i tere te tipu o te hiahia mō ngā kirihou kua whakarerekētia mō ngā taputapu kāinga. Whai muri i te kitenga i te tere tipu o ngā taputapu kāinga e haere ana ki te whenua, kua puhoi te tere tipu o te umanga taputapu kāinga o tōku whenua, ā, kua puhoi hoki te hiahia mō ngā kirihou kua whakarerekētia. Ko te tipu o te rāngai motuka te take matua mō te pikinga o te kai i ngā kirihou kua whakarerekētia.
I tēnei wā, kua riro a Haina hei whenua nui mō te hanga me te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whare, ā, koia te pokapū hanga o ngā taputapu whare o te ao. Ko te nuinga o ngā kirihou e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga taputapu whare he kirihou wera, e 90% pea te nui. Tata ki te katoa o ngā kirihou e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taputapu whare me whakarerekē. I tēnei wā, ko te ōwehenga o ngā kirihou i roto i ngā taputapu whare nui i Haina ko: 60% mō ngā horoi korehau, 38% mō ngā pouaka whakamātao, 34% mō ngā mīhini horoi, 23% mō ngā pouaka whakaata, me te 10% mō ngā hauhautanga.
I tīmata te kawe taputapu kāinga ki ngā whenua i te marama o Tīhema 2007, ā, i mutu te wāhanga tuatahi o ngā kawanatanga me ngā tāone whakamātautau i te mutunga o Noema 2011, ā, i mutu anō hoki ētahi atu kawanatanga me ngā tāone i roto i ngā tau 1-2 i muri mai. Mai i te tirohanga o te tere tipu o te putanga o ngā momo taputapu kāinga e whā pērā i te hauhautanga, ngā pouaka whakaata tae, ngā mīhini horoi me ngā pouaka whakamātao, he tino teitei te tere tipu o te putanga o ngā taputapu kāinga i te wā i haere ai ngā taputapu kāinga ki ngā whenua. E matapaetia ana ka noho tonu te tere tipu o te umanga taputapu kāinga ā muri ake nei ki te tere tipu o te 4-8%. Ko te whanaketanga pumau o te rāngai taputapu kāinga e whakarato ana i te tono mākete pumau mō te whakarerekētanga kirihou.
Ko te umanga motuka he wāhanga nui o te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou whakarerekētia, tae atu ki te umanga taputapu kāinga. Kua tata ki te 60 tau te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou whakarerekētia i roto i te umanga motuka. Ina whakamahia i roto i ngā motuka, ka taea e rātou te whakaiti i te taumaha, te noho pai ki te taiao, te haumaru, te ataahua, me te whakamarie. Mā te penapena pūngao, te pakari, me ētahi atu, ka taea e te 1kg o te kirihou te whakakapi i te 2-3kg o te maitai me ētahi atu rauemi, ka taea te whakaiti nui i te taumaha o te tinana motuka. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau mā te whakaiti i te taumaha o te motuka mā te 10% ka taea te whakaiti i te whakapaunga wahie mā te 6-8%, ā, ka tino whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao me ngā tukunga hau o te motuka. Kei te piki haere te kaha o te whakapaunga pūngao me ngā paerewa tukunga hau. I te whanaketanga o te hangarau, i ngā tekau tau i muri mai, kua whanake haere te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou whakarerekētia i roto i ngā motuka mai i ngā rauemi o roto ki ngā wāhanga o waho me ngā wāhanga taha o te miihini, ko te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou whakarerekētia i roto i ngā motuka i ngā whenua whakawhanake. Mai i te tīmatanga o te kore whakaae, kua whanake haere ki te 105 kirokaramu mō ia waka i te tau 2000, ā, neke atu i te 150 kirokaramu i te tau 2010.
Kua tere te tipu o te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou whakarerekē mō ngā motuka i tōku whenua. I tēnei wā, ko te toharite o te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou whakarerekē mō ia waka i tōku whenua he 110-120 kg, he tawhiti rawa atu i te 150-160 kg/waka i ngā whenua whakawhanake. Nā te whakapai ake i te mōhiotanga taiao o ngā kaihoko me ngā paerewa kaha o te tukunga hau, ka kitea haere te ia o ngā motuka māmā, ā, ka piki haere tonu te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou whakarerekē mō ngā motuka. Hei tāpiri, i roto i ngā tau tekau kua pahure ake nei, kua tere te tipu o ngā hoko motuka o tōku whenua, ā, koia te mākete motuka nui rawa atu o te ao i te tau 2009. Ahakoa kua āta pōturi te tipu o ngā hoko motuka i ngā tau i muri mai, e matapaetia ana ka mau tonu te tipu pumau a meake nei. Nā te pikinga ake o te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou whakarerekē mō ngā waka me te tipu o ngā hoko motuka, ka tere tonu te tipu o te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou whakarerekē mō ngā waka i tōku whenua. Ki te whakaaro ko ia motuka e whakamahi ana i te 150kg o te kirihou, me te whakaaro ko te putanga ā-tau o ngā motuka Haina neke atu i te 20 miriona, ko te wāhi mākete he 3 miriona tana.
I taua wā anō, nā te mea he taonga kaihoko pakari ngā motuka, ka hiahiatia he whakakapinga mō ngā motuka o nāianei i roto i te huringa ora. E kiia ana ko te whakamahinga kirihou i roto i te mākete tiaki ka eke ki te 10% o te whakamahinga kirihou i roto i ngā motuka hou, ā, he nui ake te wāhi mākete tuturu.
He maha ngā kaiuru mākete i roto i te umanga kirihou whakarerekē, e wehea ana kia rua ngā rōpū, arā, ko ngā kamupene matū nunui o te ao me ngā kamupene ā-rohe. He hangarau ārahi ā ngā kaihanga o te ao, ā, he tino pai te mahi hua. Heoi, kotahi te momo hua, ā, he puhoi te tere o te urupare a te mākete. Nō reira, ehara i te mea nui te wāhi mākete o te mākete motuka o tōku whenua. He whakaranu ngā kamupene kirihou whakarerekē ā-rohe, ko te nuinga he pakihi iti me te rahi-waenga me te kaha whakaputa iti iho i te 3,000 tana, ā, he nui ngā whakaritenga a te umanga motuka mō te pumau o te kounga hua. He uaua ki ngā pakihi iti me te rahi-waenga te whakarite i te pumau o te kounga hua, nō reira he uaua ki te paahi i te tiwhikete a ngā kamupene motuka. I muri i te paahitanga o ngā kamupene kirihou whakarerekē nui i te tiwhikete a ngā kamupene waka me te tomo ki tā rātou mekameka tuku, ka noho ko rātou hei hoa mahi mō te wā roa, ā, ka piki haere te kaha o tā rātou whiriwhiri.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 30-2020