In isihloko sokugcina, sethule ukuvela kwezihlakaza, izindlela ezithile kanye nemisebenzi yezihlakaza. Kulesi sigaba, sizohlola izinhlobo zezihlakaza ezikhathini ezahlukene ngomlando wokuthuthukiswa kwezihlakaza.

I-ejenti yendabuko yokumanzisa nokusabalalisa isisindo esiphansi sama-molecule
Isihlanzi sokuqala kwakuyi-triethanolamine salt of fatty acid, eyasungulwa emakethe eminyakeni engaba yikhulu eyedlule. Lesi sihlanzi sisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi siyonga kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kopende kwezimboni jikelele. Akunakwenzeka ukusisebenzisa, futhi ukusebenza kwaso kokuqala ohlelweni lwe-alkyd yamafutha aphakathi akukubi.

Ngawo-1940 kuya kowe-1970, imibala esetshenziswa embonini yokugqoka yayiyimibala engaphili kanye neminye imibala ephilayo okwakulula ukuyihlakaza. Izinto ezisabalalisa phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakuyizinto ezifana nama-surfactants, kanye neqembu elibamba umbala kolunye uhlangothi kanye nengxenye ehambisana ne-resin kolunye uhlangothi. Ama-molecule amaningi ayenendawo eyodwa kuphela yokubamba umbala.

Ngokombono wesakhiwo, zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu:

(1) izinto ezitholakala kuma-fatty acid, okuhlanganisa ama-fatty acid amides, ama-fatty acid amide salts, nama-fatty acid polyethers. Isibonelo, ama-fatty acid aguquliwe anamabhulokhi athuthukiswe yi-BYK ngo-1920-1930, afakwa usawoti ngama-amine amade ukuze kutholakale i-Anti-Terra U. Kukhona ne-BYK's P104/104S enamaqembu aphezulu okusebenza asekelwe ekusabeleni kwe-DA. I-BESM® 9116 evela ku-Shierli iyi-deflocculating dispersant futhi iyi-dispersant ejwayelekile embonini ye-putty. Ine-wettability enhle, izakhiwo zokulwa nokuqina kanye nokuqina kwesitoreji. Ingathuthukisa futhi izakhiwo zokulwa nokugqwala futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi kuma-primer okulwa nokugqwala. I-BESM® 9104/9104S nayo iyi-dispersant ejwayelekile elawulwayo ye-flocculation enamaqembu amaningi okubambelela. Ingakha isakhiwo senethiwekhi lapho ihlakazeka, okuwusizo kakhulu ekulawuleni i-pigment sedimentation nombala ontantayo. Njengoba izinto zokusetshenziswa ezikhipha amafutha e-fatty acid zingasaxhomekile ezintweni zokusetshenziswa kwe-petrochemical, ziyavuseleleka.

(2) Ama-polymer e-organic phosphoric acid ester. Lolu hlobo lwe-dispersant lunekhono lokubambelela elibanzi lama-pigment angaphili. Isibonelo, i-BYK 110/180/111 kanye ne-BESM® 9110/9108/9101 evela eShierli yizihlakaniphi ezinhle kakhulu zokusabalalisa i-titanium dioxide kanye nama-pigment angaphili, ngokunciphisa okumangalisayo kwe-viscosity, ukuthuthukiswa kombala kanye nokusebenza kokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-BYK 103 kanye ne-BESM® 9103 evela eShierli zombili zibonisa izinzuzo ezinhle kakhulu zokunciphisa i-viscosity kanye nokuqina kokugcina lapho kuhlakazwa ama-slurries e-matte.

(3) Ama-polyether e-aliphatic angewona ama-ionic kanye nama-alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ethers. Isisindo sama-molecule salolu hlobo lwe-dispersant ngokuvamile singaphansi kuka-2000 g/mol, futhi sigxila kakhulu ekusabalaleni kwama-pigment angaphili kanye nama-fillers. Angasiza ekumanziseni ama-pigment ngesikhathi sokugaya, amunce ngempumelelo ebusweni bama-pigment angaphili futhi avimbele ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokuwa kwama-pigment, futhi angalawula ukugoba futhi avimbele imibala entantayo. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yesisindo esincane sama-molecule, awakwazi ukunikeza isithiyo esisebenzayo se-steric, futhi awakwazi ukuthuthukisa ukukhanya nokucaca kwefilimu yopende. Amaqembu e-Ionic anchoring awakwazi ukumuncwa ebusweni bama-pigment angaphili.

Izisabalalisi zesisindo sama-molecule aphezulu
Ngo-1970, imibala yemvelo yaqala ukusetshenziswa ngobuningi obukhulu. Ama-pigment e-phthalocyanine e-ICI, ama-pigment e-quinacridone e-DuPont, ama-pigment e-azo condensation e-CIBA, ama-pigment e-benzimidazolone e-Clariant, njll. konke kwathuthukiswa futhi kwangena emakethe ngawo-1970. Ama-agent okuqala okumanzisa nokusabalalisa aphansi kwesisindo sama-molecule awasakwazi ukuzinzisa la ma-pigment, futhi kwaqala ukwenziwa ama-dispersants amasha anesisindo sama-molecule aphezulu.

Lolu hlobo lwe-dispersant lunesisindo sama-molecule esingu-5000-25000 g/mol, kanye nenani elikhulu lamaqembu okubambelela e-pigment ku-molecule. I-polymer main chain inikeza ukuhambisana okubanzi, kanti i-side chain exazululiwe inikeza isithiyo esiqinile, ukuze izinhlayiya ze-pigment zibe sesimweni sokuphuma ngokuphelele e-flocculated futhi esizinzile. Ama-dispersant anesisindo sama-molecule aphezulu angazinzisa ama-pigment ahlukahlukene futhi axazulule ngokuphelele izinkinga ezifana nombala ontantayo kanye nokuntanta, ikakhulukazi kuma-pigment e-organic kanye ne-carbon black enosayizi omncane wezinhlayiya kanye nokuphuma kalula. Ama-dispersant anesisindo sama-molecule aphezulu wonke angama-dispersant aphumayo anamaqembu amaningi okubambelela e-pigment ku-molecule chain, okunganciphisa kakhulu i-viscosity ye-color paste, kuthuthukise amandla okufaka umbala e-pigment, kukhanye futhi kukhanye, futhi kuthuthukise ukucaca kwama-pigment asobala. Ezinhlelweni ezisekelwe emanzini, ama-dispersant anesisindo sama-molecule aphezulu anokumelana okuhle kwamanzi kanye nokumelana ne-saponification. Yiqiniso, ama-dispersant anesisindo sama-molecule aphezulu nawo angaba nemiphumela emibi, evame ukuvela enanini lama-amine le-dispersant. Inani lama-amine aphezulu lizoholela ekwandeni kwe-viscosity yezinhlelo ze-epoxy ngesikhathi sokugcina; isikhathi esincishisiwe sokusebenza kwama-polyurethane anezingxenye ezimbili (kusetshenziswa ama-isocyanates aromatic); ukuncipha kokusebenza kwezinhlelo zokwelapha i-asidi; kanye nomphumela we-catalytic obuthakathaka wama-catalyst e-cobalt kuma-alkyd okomisa umoya.

Ngokombono wesakhiwo samakhemikhali, lolu hlobo lwe-dispersant luhlukaniswe kakhulu ngezigaba ezintathu:

(1) Ama-polyurethane dispersants anesisindo esikhulu sama-molecule, okuyi-polyurethane dispersants ejwayelekile. Isibonelo, i-BYK 160/161/163/164, i-BESM® 9160/9161/9163/9164, i-EFKA 4060/4061/4063, kanye nesizukulwane sakamuva sama-polyurethane dispersants i-BYK 2155 kanye ne-BESM® 9248. Lolu hlobo lwe-dispersant luvele kusenesikhathi futhi lunezithameli eziningi. Lunezakhiwo ezinhle zokunciphisa i-viscosity kanye nokuthuthukiswa kombala wama-pigment e-organic kanye ne-carbon black, futhi lwaba yi-dispersant ejwayelekile yama-pigment e-organic. Isizukulwane sakamuva sama-polyurethane dispersants sithuthukise kakhulu kokubili izakhiwo zokunciphisa i-viscosity kanye nokuthuthukiswa kombala. I-BYK 170 kanye ne-BESM® 9107 zifaneleka kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezifakwe i-acid. I-dispersant ayinayo inani le-amine, okunciphisa ingozi yokuhlangana ngesikhathi sokugcina upende futhi akuthinti ukoma kopende.

(2) Izihlanzisi ze-Polyacrylate. Lezi zihlanzisi, njenge-BYK 190 kanye ne-BESM® 9003, sezibe yizihlanzisi ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbozweni ezisekelwe emanzini.

(3) Ama-Hyperbranched polymer dispersants. Ama-hyperbranched dispersants asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-Lubrizol 24000 kanye ne-BESM® 9240, angama-amide + imides asekelwe kuma-polyester aneketanga elide. Le mikhiqizo emibili iyimikhiqizo enelungelo lobunikazi encike kakhulu kumgogodla we-polyester ukuze iqinise imibala. Amandla abo okuphatha i-carbon black asahle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-polyester izocwebezela emazingeni okushisa aphansi futhi izofinyelela nopende oqediwe. Le nkinga isho ukuthi i-24000 ingasetshenziswa kuphela kuma-inki. Phela, ingabonisa ukuthuthukiswa kombala okuhle kakhulu kanye nokuqina uma isetshenziswa ukusabalalisa i-carbon black embonini ye-inki. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwe-crystallization, i-Lubrizol 32500 kanye ne-BESM® 9245 zavela ngokulandelana. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezigaba ezimbili zokuqala, ama-hyperbranched polymer dispersants anesakhiwo sama-molecule esiyindilinga kanye namaqembu e-pigment affinity agxile kakhulu, ngokuvamile anokuthuthukiswa kombala okuvelele kanye nokusebenza okunamandla kokunciphisa i-viscosity. Ukuhambisana kwama-polyurethane dispersants kungalungiswa ebangeni elibanzi, ikakhulukazi kumboze wonke ama-alkyd resins kusukela ku-oyili omude kuya ku-oyili omfushane, wonke ama-polyester resins agcwele, kanye nama-hydroxyl acrylic resins, futhi kungaqinisa iningi lama-carbon black kanye nemibala ephilayo yezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene. Njengoba kusenenani elikhulu lamazinga ahlukene phakathi kwesisindo sama-molecule esingu-6000-15000, amakhasimende adinga ukuhlola ukuhambisana kanye nenani lokwengeza.

Izihlakaza ze-polymerization zama-free radical ezilawulwayo
Ngemuva kuka-1990, isidingo semakethe sokusabalala kombala sathuthuka kakhulu futhi kwaba nokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokwenziwa kwe-polymer, futhi kwasungulwa isizukulwane sakamuva se-free radical polymerization dispersants esilawulwayo.

I-polymerization yamahhala elawulwayo (i-CFRP) inesakhiwo esiklanywe kahle, neqembu lokubambelela ekugcineni kwe-polymer kanye nengxenye exazululiwe ngakolunye uhlangothi. I-CFRP isebenzisa ama-monomer afanayo ne-polymerization evamile, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ama-monomer ahlelwe njalo ezigabeni zama-molecule futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwesisindo sama-molecule kuyafana kakhulu, ukusebenza kwe-polymer dispersant ehlanganisiwe kunezinga eliphezulu. Leli qembu lokubambelela elisebenzayo lithuthukisa kakhulu ikhono lokulwa nokugoba kwe-dispersant kanye nokuthuthukiswa kombala we-pigment. Ingxenye exazululiwe enembile inikeza i-dispersant i-viscosity yokugaya ephansi kanye nokwengezwa kwe-pigment ephezulu, futhi i-dispersant ihambisana kabanzi nezinto ezahlukahlukene zesisekelo se-resin.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezihlanzi zokumboza zanamuhla kunomlando ongaphansi kweminyaka eyi-100. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezihlanzi zokumboza imibala nezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene emakethe. Umthombo oyinhloko wezinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlanzisayo kuseyizinto zokusetshenziswa ezisebenzisa i-petrochemical. Ukwandisa inani lezinto zokusetshenziswa ezivuselelekayo ezihlanzisweni kuyisiqondiso sentuthuko esithembisayo kakhulu. Kusukela enkambisweni yokuthuthukiswa kwezihlanzi, izihlanzi ziya ngokuya zisebenza kahle. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikhono lokunciphisa i-viscosity noma ukuthuthukiswa kombala kanye namanye amakhono athuthuka ngasikhathi sinye, le nqubo izoqhubeka esikhathini esizayo.

Izinto Ezintsha Ezintsha zaseNanjing zinikezai-ejenti yokumanzisa yokupenda nokumboza, kuhlanganise nezinye ezifana ne-Disperbyk.