Mai i te tau 1940, kua whakamahia ngā Whakamārama Whatu me ngā hopi horoi. Ahakoa te iti o te horopeta i roto i ngā whakatakotoranga hopi horoi, he tino pai te whakamā me te whakamārama i ngā hua, ā, he mea nui, he mea tino pai hoki i roto i te umanga hopi horoi.

E ai ki ngā tatauranga kāore anō kia oti,40% o te hanga rama whatu o te aoe whakamahia ana i tēnei wā i roto i te rāngai hopi horoi.

Kei roto i tēnei tuhinga he tirohanga poto mō ngā Kaiwhakamārama Whatu, tae atu ki tōna whakamāramatanga, te tikanga whakama, te hanga me te whakamahinga, te horopeta e taunakitia ana, me te mea nui, te haumaru o te whakamahinga—he āwangawanga matua tēnei mō ngā kaihoko puta noa i te ao.

1. He aha ngāNgā Whakamārama Whatu?

He momo tae whatu ngā Whakamārama Whatu. I raro i te hihi ultraviolet (UV), ka tukuna e rātou he hihi kikorangi me te waiporoporo e tautoko ana i te hihi kōwhai i runga i te mata o te papa, ā, ka puta he pānga mā.

E mōhiotia ana hoki kongā whakakanapa whatu or ngā tae whatu mā, ka whakamahia e rātou te pānga tāpiri tae whatu hei whakama, hei whakamārama, hei whakarei ake hoki i te kanapa o ngā papa mā, ngā papa mārama rānei pērā i ngā kakahu, te pepa, me ngā kirihou.

2. Te Tikanga Whakamā o ngā Whakamārama Whatu

E ai ki tā rātou whakamāramatanga, ko te tikanga whakama o ngā Whakamārama Whatu koia tēnei:

Ina pāngia e te rā (kei roto nei te hihi UV), ka mimitihia e rātou te hihi UV me te roanga ngaru o te 340~380nm ka tukuna te hihi whatu i roto i te awhe kikorangi-papura e kitea ana (410~460nm). Ka hanumi tēnei hihi e tukuna ana ki te hihi kōwhai i runga i te papa hei whakaputa i te pānga mā motuhake.

Ka whakarei ake i te whakaata o te mārama e kitea ana e te papa kua whakamāramahia, ā, ka tino whakanuia te mā me te kanapa o te papa.

3. Te Whakamahinga o ngā Whakamārama Whatu

E whakamahia whānuitia ana ngā Whakamārama Whatu puta noa i ngā ahumahi me ngā mara maha, tae atu ki ngā kakahu, te hanga pepa, ngā hopi horoi, ngā kirihou, ngā paninga, ngā waituhi, te hiako, te ārai-tīpako, me te kimi laser. Ko te tohatoha tono ā-ao mā ia ahumahi e whakaaturia ana i te ripanga i raro nei:

4. He aha me tāpiri ngā whakamārama whatu ki ngā hopi horoi?

(1) Whakapai ake i te Mahi Horoi

Ko ngā kakahu mā, mārama rānei te tae, he mea hanga mai i ngā muka tūturu me ngā muka hangai, ka huri hei kōwhai, ā, ka āhua tawhito i muri i te whakamahinga me te horoinga. Ina horoia ngā kakahu, ka mimiti ngā Whakamārama Whatu i roto i ngā hopi horoi ki te mata o te kakahu, ka whakama, ka whakamārama i ngā mea kua horoia, ka whakahokia mai ngā kakahu kua kōwhai, kua tawhito ki te āhua ma, kanapa, me te āhua hou. Ko tēneika whakanui ake i te mahi horoi whānuio te hua hopi horoi.

(2) Whakapai ake i te Āhua o te Hua Hopi

Ka whakanui ake ngā Whakamārama Whatu i te mā o te paura hopi horoi kakahu, ngā parāoa hopi rānei,te whakapai ake i te ātaahua o ngā hua hopi horoi me te whakaara ake i te kounga o ō rātou hua.

5. Ngā Whakamārama Whatu Noa mō ngā Hopi horoi

He mea nui te whiriwhiri i ngā Whakamārama Whatu mō ngā hanganga hopi horoi. I runga i ngā tekau tau o te whakamahinga whai hua, ka tukuna e ngā Whakamārama Whatu o te waikawa DSD bis-triazine me te distyryl biphenyl te mahi tino pai.

I roto i ēnei,CI Whakamārama Whatu 351meCI Whakamārama Whatu 71ko ngā momo e whakamahia whānuitia ana puta noa i te ao—e mōhiotia ana koKaiwhakamārama Whatu CBS me te Kaiwhakamārama Whatu CXT, ko ngā momo matua e rua i whakamahia whānuitia i roto i te umanga hopi horoi o Haina, ā, i mōhiotia puta noa i te ao.

6. Te Inenga e Manakohia ana mō ngā Whakamārama Whatu i roto i ngā Hopi horoi

Kāore e pai ake te nui akeina tae ki te horopeta o ngā Whakamārama Whatu i roto i ngā hopi horoi. Ko te nui tino pai ka whakatauhia e ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te hanganga hopi horoi, te whakamahinga e whakaarohia ana, me te momo whakamārama whatu motuhake.

He iti noa te kaha o te mārama kōwhai i runga i ngā kakahu kua horoia, nō reira he iti noa iho te nui o te hihi kikorangi-papura e hiahiatia ana hei whakakore i tēnei. I te piki haere o te kukū o ngā Whakamārama Whatu i runga i te kakahu, ka piki ake te kaha o te hihi kikorangi-papura e tukuna ana, ka mā haere te kakahu.

Ina tae te kukū ki te taumata tino pai, ka tino parea te kaha o te hihi kikorangi-papura e tukuna ana e te mārama kōwhai i runga i te papanga—Koinei te wāhi o te pānga mā tino paiMā te whakanui ake i te horopeta ka heke te mā.

E whakaatu ana tēnei āhuatanga i te hiranga o te whakahaere tika i te horopeta. I Ūropi me te Hononga o Amerika, ko te horopeta e taunakitia ana mō ngā Whakamārama Whatu i roto i ngā hopi horoi kei roto i te whānuitangamai i te 0.05% ki te 0.5%.

7. Te Haumaru o ngā Whakamārama Whatu mō te Whakamahinga Hopi

Ko te haumaru o ngā Whakamārama Whatu he āwangawanga nui ki ngā kaihoko, ā, he pūtake anō hoki o te ruarua me te manukanuka koretake. Mō te Whakamārama Whatu CBS me te CXT—ngā momo e rua e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te umanga hopi horoi—kua whakahaerehia e ngā tohunga paitini me ngā tohunga taiao o te ao ngā rangahau pūtaiao pakari ki ngā kararehe taiwhanga me ngā tūao tangata hei aromatawai i tō rātou haumaru.

Kei roto i ēnei rangahau te paitini whakapeka, te paitini kiri, te riri, te aro nui, te paitini ira-ira, te paitini horopeta maha, te pāwera, te mate pukupuku, te kohikohinga in vivo, me ō rātou kukū taiao i roto i ngā awa me te oneone. I tua atu, i whakahaerehia ngā whakatauira me ngā whakatau tata mō ngā āhuatanga pānga ki te tangata, ngā taumata pānga, me ngā rohe pānga.

He mārama, he whai hua hoki ngā whakatau:

1. E whakaū ana ngā raraunga hou mai i te Tari Matū Pākehā (ECHA) he mea tika ngā Whakamārama Whatu mō te whakamahi hopi horoiehara i te matū PBT (Pumau, Whakaemi Koiora, Paitini) vPvB rānei (tino Pumau, Whakaemi Koiora rawa).

2. Ko ngā Whakamārama Whatukāore i whakauruai roto i te rārangi o ngā tae kua aukatia i tukuna e te Kotahitanga o Ūropi me te International Association for Research and Testing in the Field of Textile Ecology (Oeko-Tex).

3.E whakaū ana te Kaunihera Ahumahi Matū o Ūropi (CEFIC) me ngā whakahaere hopi me te hopi ā-motu he haumaru, ā, hekāore e pā kino ki te hauora o te tangata, ki te taiao rānei.

4. Ko te whakatau a te Japan Soap and Detergent Association (JSDA) he mea nui ngā Whakamārama Whatu mō te whakamahinga hopi horoitino iti te mōreareaki te hauora o te tangata me te taiao.

Mā tēnei tirohanga whānui ka mārama whānuitia, ka tika hoki ngā whakamārama mō ngā Whakamārama Whatu me tā rātou whakamahinga i roto i ngā hopi horoi. Mō ngā pātai katoa e pā ana ki ā mātou hua whakamārama whatu, tēnā koa whakapā mai.whakapā maii ngā wā katoa—ka whakaratohia e mātou he otinga kounga teitei, e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga, ā, kua whakaritea hoki mō ō hiahia hanga hopi horoi.