Umthamo wokukhiqiza iphepha nebhodi lephepha
Ukukhiqizwa kwephepha nebhodi lamaphepha emhlabeni wonke ngo-2022 kuzoba ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-419.90, okungaphansi ngo-1.0% kunamathani ayizigidi ezingu-424.07 ngo-2021. Umthamo wokukhiqiza wezinhlobo eziyinhloko ungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-11.87 ephepha lezindaba, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka ngo-4.1% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-12.38 ngo-2021; ukuphrinta nokubhala iphepha ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-79.16, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka ngo-4.1% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-80.47 ngo-2021. 1%; iphepha lasekhaya ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-44.38, ukwanda ngo-3.0% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-43.07 ngo-2021; izinto ezihlanganisiwe (iphepha eliyisisekelo elihlanganisiwe nebhodi lesitsha) ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-188.77, ukwehla ngo-2.8% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-194.18 ngo-2021; Amanye amaphepha okupakisha kanye nekhadibhodi ayengamathani ayizigidi ezingu-86.18, okuwukwenyuka okungu-2.4% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-84.16 ngo-2021. Ngokuphathelene nesakhiwo somkhiqizo, iphepha eliprintiwe libalelwa ku-2.8%, iphepha lokuphrinta nokubhala libalelwa ku-18.9%, iphepha lasekhaya libalelwa ku-10.6%, izinto ezihlanganisiwe zibalelwa ku-45.0%, kanye namanye amaphepha okupakisha kanye nekhadibhodi abalelwa ku-20.5%. Ingxenye yephepha eliprintiwe kanye nephepha lokuphrinta nokubhala ekukhiqizweni okuphelele kwephepha kanye nebhodi lamaphepha ibilokhu yehla iminyaka eminingi. Ingxenye yephepha eliprintiwe kanye nephepha lokuphrinta nokubhala ngo-2022 yehle ngamaphesenti angu-0.1 uma kuqhathaniswa no-2021; ingxenye yezinto ezihlanganisiwe inciphe ngamaphesenti angu-0.7 uma kuqhathaniswa no-2021; kanye nengxenye yephepha lasekhaya ikhuphukile ngamaphesenti angu-0.4 ngo-2022 uma kuqhathaniswa no-2021.

Ngo-2022, ukukhiqizwa kwephepha nebhodi lamaphepha emhlabeni wonke kuzobe kusekukhulu kakhulu e-Asia, kulandelwe yiYurophu neNyakatho Melika endaweni yesithathu, lapho inani lokukhiqiza lingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-203.75, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-103.62 kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingu-75.58 ngokulandelana, okubalwa u-48.5%, 24.7% kanye no-18.0% womkhiqizo wephepha nebhodi lamaphepha emhlabeni wonke ongamathani ayizigidi ezingu-419.90 ngokulandelana. Inani lokukhiqiza lephepha nebhodi lamaphepha e-Asia lizokhula ngo-1.5% ngo-2022 uma kuqhathaniswa no-2021, kanti inani lokukhiqiza lephepha nebhodi lamaphepha eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika lizokwehla uma kuqhathaniswa no-2021, ngo-5.3% kanye no-2.9% ngokulandelana.

Ngo-2022, umthamo wokukhiqiza iphepha nebhodi lamaphepha eShayina ubekwe endaweni yokuqala, i-United States ibekwe endaweni yesibili kanye ne-Japan ibekwe endaweni yesithathu, ngomthamo wokukhiqiza ongamathani ayizigidi ezingu-124.25, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-66.93, kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingu-23.67 ngokulandelana. Uma kuqhathaniswa no-2021, i-China ikhuphuke ngo-2.64%, kanti i-United States ne-Japan zehle ngo-3.2% kanye no-1.1% ngokulandelana. Ukukhiqizwa kwephepha nebhodi lamaphepha kula mazwe amathathu kubala u-29.6%, 16.6% kanye no-5.6% ngokulandelana kokukhiqizwa kwephepha nebhodi lamaphepha emhlabeni. Ukukhiqizwa okuphelele kwephepha nebhodi lamaphepha kula mazwe amathathu kubala cishe u-50.8% wokukhiqizwa okuphelele kwephepha nebhodi lamaphepha emhlabeni. Ukukhiqizwa kwephepha nebhodi lamaphepha eShayina kuzobalelwa ku-29.3% wokukhiqizwa kwephepha nebhodi lamaphepha emhlabeni wonke kusukela ku-15.3% ngo-2005, okubalwa cishe ku-30% wokukhiqizwa kwephepha nebhodi lamaphepha emhlabeni.

Phakathi kwamazwe ayi-10 aphezulu ekukhiqizweni kwephepha nebhodi lamaphepha ngo-2022, amazwe kuphela anokukhula kokukhiqiza iphepha nebhodi lamaphepha yiShayina, iNdiya neBrazil. Wonke amanye amazwe abhekane nokwehla okukhulu, kanti i-Italy neJalimane zibhekene nokwehla okukhulu kakhulu, ngokwehla okungu-8.7% no-6.5% ngokulandelana.

Ukusetshenziswa kwephepha nebhodi lephepha
Ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo komhlaba wonke kwephepha nebhodi lamaphepha ngo-2022 kungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-423.83, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka ngo-1.2% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-428.99 ngo-2021, kanti ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo emhlabeni wonke ngomuntu ngamunye kungama-53.6kg. Phakathi kwezifunda emhlabeni, iNyakatho Melika inokusetshenziswa okubonakalayo okuphezulu kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye kungama-191.8kg, kulandelwe yiYurophu ne-Oceania, ngo-112.0 no-89.9kg ngokulandelana. Ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo ngomuntu ngamunye e-Asia kungama-47.3kg, eLatin America kungama-46.7kg, kanti e-Afrika kungama-7.2kg kuphela.
Phakathi kwamazwe emhlabeni ngo-2022, iShayina inokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kakhulu kwephepha nekhadibhodi okubonakala sengathi kungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-124.03; kulandelwe yi-United States ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-66.48; kanye neJapane futhi ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-22.81. Ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo komuntu ngamunye kwala mazwe amathathu kungu-87.8, 198.2 kanye no-183.6 kg ngokulandelana.

Kunamazwe ayi-7 abonakala sengathi asebenzisa iphepha nekhadibhodi ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi eziyi-10 ngo-2022. Uma kuqhathaniswa no-2021, phakathi kwamazwe ayi-10 aphezulu abonakala sengathi asebenzisa iphepha nebhodi ngo-2022, yi-India, i-Italy, ne-Mexico kuphela ebone ukwanda kokusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kwephepha nebhodi, kanti i-India inokwenyuka okukhulu ngo-10.3%.

Ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-pulp
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-pulp yomhlaba wonke ngo-2022 kuzoba ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-181.76, ukwehla ngo-0.5% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-182.76 ngo-2021. Phakathi kwazo, umthamo wokukhiqizwa kwe-pulp yamakhemikhali wawungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-142.16, ukwehla ngo-0.6% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-143.05 ngo-2021; umthamo wokukhiqizwa kwe-pulp yomshini wawungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-25.33, ukwanda ngo-0.5% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-25.2 ngo-2021; umthamo wokukhiqizwa kwe-pulp yomshini exubile wawungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-5.21, ukwehla ngo-6.2% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-5.56 ngo-2021. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-pulp okuphelele eNyakatho Melika kungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-54.17, ukwehla ngo-5.2% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-57.16 ngo-2021. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-pulp okuphelele eNyakatho Melika kungama-31.4% wokukhiqizwa kwe-pulp okuphelele emhlabeni jikelele. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-pulp okuphelele eYurophu nase-Asia bekungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-43.69 kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingu-47.34 ngokulandelana, okubalwa u-24.0% kanye no-26.0% wokukhiqizwa kwe-pulp yezinkuni zomhlaba wonke ngokulandelana. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-pulp yemishini yomhlaba wonke kugxile e-Asia, eYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, kanti umthamo wokukhiqiza kwawo ungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-9.42, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-7.85, kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingu-6.24 ngokulandelana. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-pulp yemishini okuphelele kulezi zifunda ezintathu kubalwa u-92.8% wokukhiqizwa kwe-pulp yemishini emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-pulp okungeyona izinkuni emhlabeni wonke ngo-2022 kuzoba ngamathani ayizigidi ezingu-9.06, okuwukwenyuka ngo-1.2% kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezingu-8.95 ngo-2021. Phakathi kwawo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-pulp okungeyona izinkuni e-Asia kwakungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-7.82.
Ngo-2022, i-United States, iBrazil kanye neShayina yiwona mazwe amathathu anomkhiqizo omkhulu kakhulu we-pulp. Umkhiqizo wawo wonke we-pulp ungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-40.77, amathani ayizigidi ezingu-24.52 kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingu-21.15 ngokulandelana.

Wonke amazwe ayi-10 aphezulu ngo-2021 afakwe ohlwini lwabayi-10 abaphambili ngo-2022. Phakathi kwamazwe ayi-10, iShayina neBrazil zibone ukwanda okukhulu kokukhiqizwa kwe-pulp, kanye nokwenyuka okungu-16.9% kanye no-8.7% ngokulandelana; iFinland, iRussia, kanye ne-United States zibone ukwehla okukhulu, kanye nokwenyuka okungu-13.7%, 5.8%, kanye no-5.3% ngokulandelana.

Inkampani yethu inikeza izithasiselo zamakhemikhali embonini yephepha, njengeinto yokuqinisa amanzi, isithambisi, into yokuvimbela igwebu, into yokuqinisa okomile, i-PAM, i-EDTA 2Na, i-EDTA 4Na, i-DTPA 5NA, i-OBA, njll.

Isihloko esilandelayo sizonikeza umbono jikelele wokuhweba ngamaphepha emhlabeni wonke.

Inkomba: Umbiko Wonyaka Wemboni Yephepha YaseShayina ka-2022