In ingingo iheruka, twagaragaje ivuka ry'ibinyabutabire, uburyo bumwe na bumwe n'imikorere yabyo. Muri iki gice, turareba ubwoko bw'ibinyabutabire mu bihe bitandukanye hamwe n'amateka y'iterambere ry'ibinyabutabire.

Uburyo gakondo bwo kunywesha no gukwirakwiza amazi mu buryo buciriritse
Imashini ya mbere yo gusiga amavuta yari umunyu wa triethanolamine wa aside irike, yashyizwe ku isoko mu myaka 100 ishize. Iyi mashini irakora neza kandi ihendutse mu irangi ry’inganda muri rusange. Ntabwo bishoboka kuyikoresha, kandi imikorere yayo ya mbere muri sisitemu y’amavuta aciriritse ntabwo ari mibi.

Mu myaka ya 1940 kugeza 1970, amarangi yakoreshwaga mu nganda zo gusiga amarangi yari amarangi adafite umwimerere ndetse n'andi marangi y'umwimerere yoroshye gukwirakwiza. Muri icyo gihe, ibisigazwa byari ibintu bisa n'ibisigazwa, hamwe n'itsinda rishyiraho amarangi ku mpera imwe n'igice gihuye na resin ku rundi ruhande. Molekile nyinshi zari zifite aho zihagarara ku marangi.

Mu buryo bw'imiterere, bishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu:

(1) ibintu bikomoka kuri aside irike, harimo aside irike, umunyu wa aside irike, na polyether za aside irike. Urugero, aside irike yahinduwe ifite ibice byakozwe na BYK mu 1920-1930, byasizwe umunyu n'amine y'iminyururu miremire kugira ngo haboneke Anti-Terra U. Hariho kandi P104/104S ya BYK ifite amatsinda akomeye ashingiye ku buryo bwo kongeramo DA. BESM® 9116 yo muri Shierli ni imashini igabanya ubushyuhe kandi ni imashini isanzwe igabanya ubushyuhe mu nganda za putty. Ifite ubushobozi bwo kumena neza, irwanya ubushyuhe kandi iguma neza mu bubiko. Ishobora kandi kunoza ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubushyuhe kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho birwanya ubushyuhe. BESM® 9104/9104S nayo ni imashini isanzwe igenzura ubushyuhe hamwe n'amatsinda menshi ahuza. Ishobora gukora imiterere y'urusobe iyo itatanye, ibyo bikaba ingirakamaro cyane mu kugenzura ubushyuhe bw'ibara n'amabara areremba. Kubera ko ibikoresho fatizo biva kuri aside irike bitagishingiye ku bikoresho fatizo bya peteroli, bishobora kongera gukoreshwa.

(2) Polima za aside fosforike ester. Ubwo bwoko bw'ibinyabutabire bufite ubushobozi bwo gufata ibara ry'ibinyabutabire. Urugero, BYK 110/180/111 na BESM® 9110/9108/9101 bya Shierli ni ibinyabutabire byiza cyane byo gukwirakwiza dioxyde ya titanium na ibara ry'ibinyabutabire, hamwe no kugabanya ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire, iterambere ry'amabara n'imikorere yo kubika. Byongeye kandi, BYK 103 na BESM® 9103 bya Shierli byombi bigaragaza ibyiza byo kugabanya ubukana bw'ibinyabutabire n'uburyo bibikwa neza iyo bikwirakwiza ibinyabutabire bya matte.

(3) Polyethers zitari ionic aliphatic na alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ethers. Uburemere bwa molekile bw'ubu bwoko bwa dispersant muri rusange buri munsi ya 2000 g/mol, kandi bwibanda cyane ku gukwirakwira kwa pigments n'ibirungo bitagira umwimerere. Bishobora gufasha kunyosha pigments mu gihe cyo gusya, bigakurura neza ku buso bwa pigments zitari isanzwe kandi bikarinda gutandukana no kugwa kw'pigments, kandi bishobora kugenzura guhindagurika no gukumira amabara areremba. Ariko, kubera uburemere bwa molekile buto, ntibishobora gutanga imbogamizi nziza, cyangwa ngo binoze ubwiza n'itandukaniro rya filime y'irangi. Amatsinda y'imitsi ya Ionic ntashobora gukururwa ku buso bwa pigments zitari isanzwe.

Ibikoresho bigabanya uburemere bwa molekile nyinshi
Mu 1970, ibara ry’umwimerere ryatangiye gukoreshwa ku bwinshi. Ibara rya phthalocyanine rya ICI, ibara rya quinacridone rya DuPont, ibara rya azo condensation rya CIBA, ibara rya benzimidazolone rya Clariant, nibindi byose byashyizwe ku isoko mu myaka ya 1970. Ibara ry’umwimerere rito rigabanya uburemere bwa molekile ntiryashoboraga gukomeza gushimangira izi bara, maze hatangira gukorwa ibara rishya rigabanya uburemere bwa molekile.

Ubu bwoko bw'ibinyabutabire bifite uburemere bwa molekile 5000-25000 g/mol, hamwe n'amatsinda menshi ashyiraho ibara kuri molekile. Uruhererekane rw'ingenzi rwa polymer rutanga uburyo bwagutse bwo guhuza, kandi uruhererekane rw'uruhande rushongeshejwe rutanga imbogamizi, ku buryo uduce tw'ibinyabutabire tuba mu buryo buhamye kandi buhamye. Ibinyabutabire bifite uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile bishobora gutuma ubwoko butandukanye bw'ibinyabutabire buhagarara neza kandi bigakemura burundu ibibazo nk'ibara rireremba n'irireremba, cyane cyane ku binyabutabire by'umwimerere na karuboni umukara bifite ingano ntoya kandi byoroshye guhindagurika. Ibinyabutabire bifite uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile byose ni ibinyabutabire bifite amatsinda menshi ashyiraho ibara kuri molekile, bishobora kugabanya cyane ubukana bw'amabara, kunoza imbaraga zo guhanga ibara, kugaragara neza kw'irangi, no kunoza ubuziranenge bw'ibinyabutabire bibonerana. Mu buryo bushingiye ku mazi, ibinyabutabire bifite uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile bifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya amazi no kurwanya saponification. Birumvikana ko ibinyabutabire bifite uburemere bwinshi bwa molekile bishobora kandi kugira ingaruka mbi, ahanini zituruka ku gaciro ka amine k'ibinyabutabire. Agaciro ka amine kenshi kazatuma uburyo bwa epoxy bwiyongera mu gihe cyo kubika; kugabanuka kw'igihe cyo gukora polyurethane zifite ibice bibiri (hakoreshejwe isocyanates zihumura); kugabanuka k'uburyo bwo kuvura aside; hamwe n'ingaruka nke za catalytic za cobalt catalysts muri alkyds zumisha umwuka.

Ukurikije imiterere y'ibinyabutabire, ubu bwoko bw'ibinyabutabire bugabanyijemo ibice bitatu:

(1) Imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa polyurethane, ari zo zisanzwe zigabanya ubushyuhe bwa polyurethane. Urugero, BYK 160/161/163/164, BESM® 9160/9161/9163/9164, EFKA 4060/4061/4063, hamwe n'imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe za polyurethane BYK 2155 na BESM® 9248. Ubu bwoko bw'imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe bwagaragaye kare kandi bufite abantu benshi. Bufite ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe no guteza imbere amabara ku mabara y'umwimerere n'umukara wa karuboni, kandi bwabaye imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe ku mabara y'umwimerere. Imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe bwa polyurethane zazamuye cyane imiterere yo kugabanya ubushyuhe no guteza imbere amabara. BYK 170 na BESM® 9107 zikwiriye cyane sisitemu zikoresha aside. Imashini zigabanya ubushyuhe nta gaciro ka amine zifite, bigabanya ibyago byo guterana mu gihe cyo kubika irangi kandi ntibigire ingaruka ku kuma kw'irangi.

(2) Ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza ibiti bya Polyacrylate. Ibi bikoresho byo gukwirakwiza ibiti, nka BYK 190 na BESM® 9003, byahindutse ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gukwirakwiza ibiti bishingiye ku mazi.

(3) Ibikoresho bikwirakwiza polymer bya Hyperbranched. Ibikoresho bikwirakwiza polymer bya Hyperbranched bikoreshwa cyane ni Lubrizol 24000 na BESM® 9240, ari byo amide + imides bishingiye kuri polyester ndende. Ibi bicuruzwa bibiri ni ibicuruzwa bifite patente byishingikiriza ahanini ku mugongo wa polyester kugira ngo bihamye amarangi. Ubushobozi bwabyo bwo gufata umukara wa karuboni buracyari bwiza cyane. Ariko, polyester izamera mu bushyuhe buke kandi izagera no mu irangi ryarangiye. Iki kibazo bivuze ko 24000 ishobora gukoreshwa gusa muri wino. N'ubundi kandi, ishobora kugaragaza iterambere ryiza cyane ry'amabara n'ubudahangarwa iyo ikoreshejwe mu gukwirakwiza umukara wa karuboni mu nganda za wino. Kugira ngo inoze imikorere ya crystallization, Lubrizol 32500 na BESM® 9245 zagaragaye zikurikiranye. Ugereranyije n'ibyiciro bibiri bya mbere, ibikoresho bikwirakwiza polymer bya hyperbranched bifite imiterere ya molekile y'uruziga n'amatsinda y'ubudahangarwa bw'amabara menshi, akenshi bifite iterambere ryihariye ry'amabara n'imikorere ikomeye yo kugabanya ubukana. Uburyo ibinyabutabire bya polyurethane bihura bushobora guhindurwa mu buryo bwagutse, ahanini bukubiyemo amaresini yose ya alkyd kuva ku mavuta maremare kugeza ku mavuta magufi, amaresini yose ya polyester yuzuye, na hydroxyl acrylic resins, kandi bushobora gutuma ibara ry’umukara wa karuboni n’amabara y’umwimerere y’imiterere itandukanye rihagarara. Kubera ko hakiri umubare munini w’ibipimo bitandukanye hagati y’uburemere bwa molekile 6000-15000, abakiriya bagomba gusuzuma niba bihura n’ingano y’ibyo binyabutabire.

Ibikoresho byo gukwirakwiza polymerization y’ibintu bidafite ishingiro bishobora kugenzurwa
Nyuma ya 1990, icyifuzo cy’isoko cyo gukwirakwiza ibara cyarushijeho kuba cyiza, habayeho iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gukora polymer, ndetse hakorwa n’ibikoresho bishya byo gukwirakwiza polymeri byagenzuwe.

Polimasiyo yigenga igenzurwa (CFRP) ifite imiterere yagenwe neza, ifite itsinda rifata ku mpera imwe ya polymer n'igice gishongeshejwe ku rundi ruhande. CFRP ikoresha monoma zimwe na polymerisation isanzwe, ariko kubera ko monoma zishyirwa ku buryo buhoraho ku bice bya molekile kandi uburemere bwa molekile bukaba bumwe, imikorere ya polimasiyo ikora neza ifite intambwe nziza. Iri tsinda rifata neza rituma cyane ubushobozi bwo kurwanya flocculation bw'umusemburo n'iterambere ry'amabara y'umusemburo. Igice gishongeshejwe neza giha umusemburo ubukana bwo gusya ibara buke n'ibara ryinshi, kandi umusemburo uhuza neza n'ibikoresho bitandukanye bya resin.

Iterambere ry'ibinyabutabire bigezweho byo gusiga amarangi rifite amateka atarenze imyaka 100. Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'ibinyabutabire byo gusiga amarangi atandukanye ku isoko. Isoko nyamukuru ry'ibikoresho fatizo byo gusiga amarangi riracyari ibikoresho fatizo bya peteroli. Kongera igipimo cy'ibikoresho fatizo bishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu binyabutabire ni icyerekezo cyiza cyane cy'iterambere. Uhereye ku iterambere ry'ibinyabutabire, ibinyabutabire birimo kugenda birushaho gukora neza. Byaba ari ubushobozi bwo kugabanya ubukana cyangwa iterambere ry'amabara n'ubundi bushobozi burimo gutera imbere icyarimwe, iyi gahunda izakomeza mu gihe kizaza.

Ibikoresho Bishya bya Nanjing Reborn bitangaumuti wo gukaraba amarangi no gusiga irangi, harimo na zimwe zijyanye na Disperbyk.