1.Wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-kaugu horreyn waxay higsaneysaa inay xannibto habka hydrolysis-ka ee polymers-ka polyester-ka.

Codsiyada isticmaalaya polymers-ka ka kooban bonds-ka ester-ka, sida PBT, PET, PLA, iyo polyurethanes (TPU, CPU), molecules-ka biyuhu si fudud ayay u weeraraan bonds-ka ester-ka ama urethane ee silsiladda molecular-ka marka heerkulku sarreeyo iyo xaaladaha qoyaanka. Tani waxay keentaa jabitaan silsilad ah iyo hydrolysis, hoos u dhac ku yimaada miisaanka molecular-ka polymer-ka, iyo sidaas darteed, jajabnaan, dildilaac, iyo luminta waxqabadka. Wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu hortago habkan hydrolysis-ka. Wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka waxaa inta badan loo qaybiyaa laba qaybood: falgal iyo jireed. Wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka falcelinta leh waxay baabi'iyaan goobaha bilowga ah ama alaabada hydrolysis-ka iyada oo loo marayo falgallada kiimikada, taasoo matalaysa habka caadiga ah iyo kan aadka u hufan. Wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka jireed, dhanka kale, waxay xannibaan ama nuugaan qoyaanka iyada oo loo marayo ficil jireed.

Ka-hortagayaasha hydrolysis-ka jirka kama qaybqaataan falgallada kiimikada laakiin waxay ka hortagaan gelinta qoyaanka iyada oo loo marayo habab jireed. Noocyada matalaya waxaa ka mid ah zeolites, calcium oxide (CaO), dhulka diatomaceous, silanes, iyo waxes. Zeolites iyo calcium oxide, iyada oo loo marayo qaab-dhismeedkooda daloolsan ama falgallada kiimikada, waxay nuugaan oo xiraan qoyaanka uu nuugo polymer-ka inta lagu jiro farsamaynta iyo isticmaalka, iyagoo ugu horreyn ka ilaalinaya walxaha inay burburaan sababtoo ah qadarka qoyaanka ka hor inta aan la farsamayn (sida qaabaynta duritaanka iyo soo saarista), oo asal ahaan u dhaqma sidii sifooyin "qoyan". Silanes iyo waxes, dhanka kale, waxay u guuraan dusha sare ee badeecada, iyagoo sameeya caqabad hydrophobic ah, ama waxay fidiyaan wadada gelinta qoyaanka iyada oo loo marayo buuxinta lakabaysan (sida dhoobada), oo inta badan ilaalinaysa dusha sare ee maaddada.

Daawooyinka ka hortagaya hydrolysis-ka falgalka leh waxay la falgeli karaan kooxaha carboxyl (-COOH) ee dhammaadka silsiladaha polymer-ka ama kooxaha carboxyl ee la soo saaro inta lagu jiro hydrolysis-ka, iyagoo carqaladeynaya habka autocatalytic ee hydrolysis-ka sidaas darteedna gaaraya saameyn xasillooni aasaasi ah. Kuwaas waxaa ugu horreyn ka mid ah kuwa ka hortagaya carbodimide, oxazoline, epoxy, iyo aziridine hydrolysis.

2. Carbodiimide waa daawada ugu faa'iidada badan uguna isticmaalka badan ee ka hortagta hydrolysis-ka firfircoon.

Carbodiimides-ku hadda waa nooca ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo uguna waxtarka badan ee wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka. Waxay la falgalaan kooxaha carboxyl-ka ee ay soo saaraan polymer hydrolysis-ka si ay u sameeyaan N-acylurea deggan, taasoo meesha ka saaraysa kicinta falgalka hydrolysis-ka isla markaana carqaladeynaysa wareegga autocatalytic-ga. Waxyaabaha ka soo baxa Oxazoline, oo ah nooc kale oo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka ee falcelinta leh, waxay leeyihiin giraan oxazoline ah oo ah kooxdooda shaqaynta falgalka leh. Giraanta oxazoline waxay la falgeli kartaa labada kooxood ee carboxyl iyo hydroxyl si ay u sameeyaan ester amides ama diesters, sidaas darteed waxay dejinaysaa dhammaadka polymer-ka. Polymer-yada Epoxy-functionalized waxay isticmaalaan falcelinta sare ee kooxaha epoxy-ga si ay u bixiyaan xasillooni. Kooxaha epoxy-ga waxay la falgeli karaan carboxyl, hydroxyl, iyo xitaa kooxaha amino, sidaas darteed waxay ku xiran yihiin kooxahan falcelinta leh.

Shaxda: Isbarbardhigga Kuwa Caadiga ah ee iska caabiya Hydrolysis-ka

Noocyada wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka	karbodiimide	Polymers-ka kooxda shaqada ee Epoxy	Oxazolinids
Habka Aasaasiga ah	Waxay la falgashaa kooxaha carboxyl ee ay soo saarto hydrolysis si ay u soo saarto N-acylurea deggan, sidaas darteedna waxay carqaladeysaa wareegga autocatalytic.	Kooxdeeda epoxy waxay la falgeli kartaa kooxo kala duwan sida carboxyl, hydroxyl, iyo kooxaha amino.	Giraanteeda oxazoline waxay la falgeli kartaa kooxaha carboxyl iyo hydroxyl.
Faa'iidooyinka ugu muhiimsan	●Awood aad u sarreysa oo loo leeyahay hydrolysis, oo leh saameynta ugu muhiimsan.	●Shaqooyin badan: Waxay isku daraysaa hawlaha fidinta silsiladda iyo hagaajinta molecules-ka burburay.	● Falcelin laba-shaqayneed, oo leh codsiyo kala duwan
	Qadarka lagu daray waa yar yahay (0.5%-2.0%), iyadoo saameyn yar ku yeelanaysa sifooyinka gudaha ee walaxda.	●Waxay hagaajin kartaa xoogga dhalaalka iyo dhecaanka	● Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii iswaafajin nidaamyada qaarkood.
	● Badbaado wanaagsan	● Waafaqsanaan wanaagsan oo lala yeesho polymers-ka
Khasaaraha ugu weyn	● Kharash aad u sarreeya	●Iyada oo ah hal wakiil oo ka hortaga hydrolysis, waxtarkeedu ma aha mid gaar ah sida kan carbodiimide.	● Kharashyadu badanaa waa kuwa ugu qaalisan
	● Waxay si gaar ah u bartilmaameedsataa kooxaha carboxyl; si toos ah ugama falgasho kooxaha hydroxyl.	● Ku darid xad dhaaf ah waxay keeni kartaa isku xidhnaan ama jeljiid.	● Ma laha faa'iido hufnaan ah oo ku saabsan codsiyada guud ee loogu talagalay
Codsiyada caadiga ah	● Polyester: PBT, PET, PLA, PBAT	● Dib-u-warshadaynta balaastikada: Dayactirka rPET, iwm.	● Polyester (PET, PBT)
	● Polyurethane: TPU, CPU (cidhibta kabaha, tuubooyinka, iwm.)	● Polyamide (Naylon)	● Polyamide
		● Nidaamyada Polyester-ka oo u baahan dhumuc isku mar ah	● Daloolada Polymer-ka (sida iswaafajin)

 

3. Carbodiimide waxay xannibtaa habka hydrolysis-ka iyadoo la falgasha asiidhyada carboxylic si ay u sameeyaan qaab-dhismeedyada acylurea.

Polyester-ka waxay muujiyaan xasillooni qoyaan oo liidata. Heerkulka sare iyo qoyaanka, isku-xidhka ester-ka ee ku jira polymer-ka wuxuu la falgalaa biyaha, taasoo keenta in qaab-dhismeedka silsiladda dheer ee macromolecule-ka uu jabo oo uu soo saaro kooxaha carboxyl-ka ee terminal-ka. Kooxahan carboxyl-ka ee terminal-ka ah waxay ion-ka ku abuuri karaan ion-yada H+, taasoo sii kicinaysa falgalka hydrolysis-ka iyadoo la adeegsanayo aashitada, ugu dambeyntiina waxay horseedaysaa hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimaada sifooyin kala duwan oo agab ah iyo cimri adeeg oo aad u gaaban. Isku-dhafka Carbodiimide, oo ka kooban kooxaha shaqeynaya ee carbodiimide (N=C=N), waxay la falgeli karaan kooxaha carboxyl-ka ee la soo saaray inta lagu jiro hydrolysis-ka polymer-ka si ay u sameeyaan qaab-dhismeedyo acylurea oo deggan, isla mar ahaantaana hoos u dhigaya fiirsashada kooxda carboxyl oo ka hortagaya hydrolysis dheeraad ah. Waxay ka mid yihiin wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka ee ugu badan ee la isticmaalo hadda la heli karo.

Wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka Carbodiimide waa kala duwan yihiin waxaana si ballaaran loogu kala saari karaa noocyo monomeric iyo polymeric ah. Isku-dhafka carbodiimide ee Monomeric waxay ka kooban yihiin hal koox oo shaqeynaya oo carbodiimide ah waana isku-dhisyo yaryar oo molecule ah. Isku-dhisyada carbodiimide ee Polymeric waxay caadi ahaan ka kooban yihiin laba ama in ka badan kooxo shaqeynaya oo carbodiimide ah, waxay leeyihiin miisaan molecular ah oo sarreeya, waxayna ka tirsan yihiin nooca qaab-dhismeedka polymer-ka silsiladda dheer.

Kaarboodiimide Monomericwakiilada ka hortagga biyahaWaa dareere huruud ah ilaa bunni ah ama kiristaalo heerkulka qolka. Waxay ku milmaan dareere dabiici ah laakiin kuma milmaan biyaha, waxayna leeyihiin faa'iidooyin sida daahirnimo sare, diyaarin fudud, iyo falcelin sare. 2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)carbodiimide waa wakiilka ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka monomeric carbodiimide ee ugu badan ee la isticmaalo ee ganacsiga laga heli karo.

 

Carbodiimides-ka Polymeric-ka ah waa budo jaalle ah ilaa bunni ah ama dareere fiiqan heerkulka qolka, iyadoo cufnaanta molecular-ka ah guud ahaan ka weyn tahay 1000, halka cufnaanta molecular-ka ee oligomers-ka la xakameeyo qiyaastii 2000. Carbodiimides-ka Polymeric-ka ah waxaa caadi ahaan laga helaa iyadoo la falgalo monomers-ka diisocyanate, kataliyayaasha, dareerayaasha, iyo wakiilada daboolka dhammaadka heerkulka ku habboon. Marka hore, monomers-ka diisocyanate-ka waxay maraan falcelin isku-dhafan oo hoos timaada kataliyeyaasha si loo helo prepolymer ka kooban kooxo badan oo carboodimide ah iyo kooxaha dhammaadka isocyanate. Kadib, kooxaha isocyanate-ka waxay la falgalaan hydrogen firfircoon oo ka imanaya wakiilka daboolka dhammaadka si ay u helaan polycarbodiimides. Polycarbodiimides-ka caadiga ah waxaa lagu helaa iyadoo la isku daro 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl-1,5-diisocyanate iyo daboolka dhammaadka oo leh 2,6-diisopropylphenyl monoisocyanate.

 

4. Meelaha caadiga ah ee carboodimide loo isticmaalo

PET, oo ah walaxda ugu badan ee polyester-ka, waxay leedahay sifooyin farsamo oo heer sare ah, xasillooni cabbir leh, iska caabin kiimiko, iyo sifooyin indhaha ah, waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalaa beeraha, warshadaha, dhismaha, caafimaadka, iyo beeraha baabuurta. PET waxaa lagu soo saaraa iyada oo loo marayo polycondensation-ka PTA iyo ethylene glycol; xidhmooyinka ester-ku aad bay ugu nugul yihiin burburka hydrolytic, taasoo horseedaysa hoos u dhac ku yimaada viscosity-ga polymer-ka iyo hoos u dhaca waxqabadka daran. Hydrolysis-ka PET wuxuu xaddidayaa isticmaalka alaabteeda hoose ee jawiga heerkulka sare, qoyan, ama bannaanka. Cilmi-baaris la xiriirta ayaa lagu ogaaday in ku darista wakiilada monomeric anti-hydrolysis ee PET masterbatch si loo diyaariyo muunado filim ay hagaajinayso iska caabbinta kulaylka, gabowga kulaylka qoyan, iyo dheereynta marka la jabiyo alaabada filimka. Carbodiimide udgoonku wuxuu muujinayaa waxqabad hydrolysis oo wanaagsan.

Sameynta Polyurethane waxay isticmaashaa noocyo badan oo monomers ah, waxayna u saamaxdaa falcelinta la xakameeyey, waxayna bixisaa faa'iidooyin sida xoog sare, iska caabin xoqid, iska caabin heerkul wanaagsan, iyo fududaynta farsamaynta. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa dhejisyada, dahaarka, elastomers, balaastikada xumbo leh, iyo fiilooyinka synthetic-ga. Polyurethane-ka nooca Polyester-ka ah waxaa laga diyaariyey polyols-ka polyester-ka oligomeric, kuwaas oo ka kooban xidhmo badan oo ester ah silsiladahooda molecular-ka, taasoo keenta iska caabin hydrolysis oo liidata. Wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka Carbodiimide waxay leeyihiin saameyn xun oo yar oo ku saabsan isku-darka polyurethane waxaana lagu dari karaa polyol-ka polyester-ka inta lagu jiro habka isku-darka. Intaa waxaa dheer, carboodimides-ka polymeric-ka ah ee ay diyaarisay isocyanate condensation waxay ka kooban yihiin kooxo dhammaad ah -N=C=O, taasoo u suurtagelinaysa inay ka qaybqaataan falcelinta si loo diyaariyo polyurethane-ka u adkaysta hydrolysis-ka. Intaa waxaa dheer, carboodimides-ka waxaa lagu dari karaa inta lagu jiro isku-darka polyurethane. Daraasado la xiriira ayaa muujiyay in ku darista carboodimides ay hoos u dhigi karto qiimaha aashitada bilowga ah ee polyol-ka polyester-ka, ay joojiso hydrolysis-ka polyester-ka, iyo si wax ku ool ah u hagaajin karto iska caabinta hydrolysis-ka ee TPU.

Polymers-ka ku salaysan polyester-ka sida PBAT, PLA, iyo polyglycolic acid (PGA) waxay leeyihiin iswaafajin wanaagsan oo bayooloji ah, baabi'in bayooloji ah, badbaado, sun la'aan, iyo sifooyin jireed iyo farsamo oo wanaagsan, iyagoo muujinaya rajo weyn oo ku saabsan aaladaha caafimaadka, agabka baakadaha, iyo beeraha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, agabkan bayoolojiga ah dhammaantood waxay la ildaran yihiin xasillooni darro biyo-mareen iyo kuleyl, iyagoo si fudud u burburiya inta lagu jiro farsamaynta, kaydinta, iyo isticmaalka, taasoo horseedaysa burburka waxqabadka iyo ku guuldareysiga inay gaaraan cimrigooda la filayo. Carbodiimide waxay mari kartaa falcelin daboolan oo ay la yeeshaan kooxaha carboxyl ee ugu dambeeya silsiladaha molecular-ka ee PBAT, PLA, iyo PGA si loo soo saaro qaab-dhismeed acylurea oo deggan, isla mar ahaantaana joojiya hydrolysis-ka iyo hagaajinta xasilloonida kulaylka.

MDI-ga wax laga beddelay ee Carbodiimide (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan MDI-ga la liquefied) waa mid ka mid ah wax soo saarka ugu muhiimsan ee wax laga beddelay ee diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Waxaa soo saara falgalka isku-dhafka ee MDI iyadoo la adeegsanayo falgal kiciyaha si loo soo saaro kooxaha carboodimide. MDI-ga wax laga beddelay ee Carbodiimide waxaa lagu gartaa inuu yahay dareere heerkulka qolka, si fudud loo kaydin karo, iyo inuu leeyahay cimri dheer oo kayd ah. Isla mar ahaantaana, waxay si weyn u hagaajin kartaa iska caabbinta hydrolysis-ka ee walxaha polyurethane.

Haddii aad rabto inaad ogaato badeecooyin badan oo ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka, xor u noqo inaad la xiriirtonala soo xiriir.