Gukora amashanyarazi ashingiye ku mashanyarazi

Ubushobozi bw'ikintu gikomeye mu gutwara umuriro buterwa n'imiterere y'ubuso, imiterere ya dielectric, ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ubushyuhe bw'ibidukikije bigikikije. Ubushobozi bwacyo bwo gutwara umuriro bungana mu buryo bunyuranye n'ubushobozi bwacyo bwa dielectric n'ubushyuhe, kandi bungana neza n'ubushobozi bwacyo bwo guhangana n'ubushyuhe bw'ubuso. Ikimenyetso cy'umuriro gitandukana bitewe n'ibikoresho; ibikoresho bifite imiterere ya dielectric iri hasi bifite amashanyarazi meza.

Imiterere y’ubushyuhe ifitanye isano n’ubwiyongere bw’amashanyarazi adahindagurika. Imiterere ya chimique ya pulasitiki nyinshi igaragaza ko ari ibikoresho byiza cyane byo gukingira, bigatuma ziba ibikoresho by’ingenzi mu bikoresho bikoresha frequency nyinshi nka radar. Kubera ko pulasitiki nyinshi zifite ubushobozi buke bwo gutwara amashanyarazi, ntizishobora guhita zikuraho umuriro w’amashanyarazi, itandukaniro riri hagati ya pulasitiki n’ibyuma.

Mu gihe cyo gukoresha ibikoresho bya pulasitiki, amashanyarazi ahoraho ashobora guteza ibibazo bitandukanye ndetse agatera ingaruka zikomeye, ndetse zikanateza akaga. Ingaruka zikunze kugaragara zirimo: kwirundanya cyane kw'umwanda ku buso bwa pulasitiki; amashanyarazi ahoraho akurura ivumbi rigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'amajwi; amashanyarazi ahoraho atera "ihungabana ry'amashanyarazi" ritari ryiza mu bantu bakoresha tapi za fibre cyangwa hasi muri pulasitiki; gufatana hagati ya filime za pulasitiki n'amashuka, bigahungabanya umusaruro usanzwe; n'ifu ikomeye ihurira hamwe mu gihe cyo gutwara umwuka. Uduce duto tw'amashanyarazi duturuka ku kwirundanya gukomeye kw'amashanyarazi ahoraho dushobora no gutwika uruvange rw'umwuka n'umukungugu cyangwa ibintu bihumanya ikirere, bikaba intandaro y'ibintu byinshi byangiza.

Ingamba zo gukumira amashanyarazi akoresha amashanyarazi

(1) Kongera ubushuhe: Uko ubushuhe bw'ibicuruzwa bikozwe mu buryo bwiyongereye, ubushobozi bwo gutwara amashanyarazi ku buso bwabyo nabwo buriyongera, bityo bikihutisha ikwirakwira ry'amashanyarazi. Urugero, iyo ubushuhe bwa polyamide ifata amazi buri hejuru ya 65%, nta muriro uhoraho uba uhari. Ku rundi ruhande, iyo ubushuhe buri hasi cyane ya 20%, ibibazo byo kuringaniza amashanyarazi ku buso ntibishobora kwirindwa. Muri iki gihe, uburyo bwonyine bwo gukumira amashanyarazi ahoraho ni ukongeraho icyuma gitwara amashanyarazi kugira ngo ugabanye ubushuhe.

(2) Kongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara umwuka:hakoreshejwe ionizer ikora ku ihame ry'amashanyarazi cyangwa radiyo kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwo gutwara umwuka, kugira ngo umuriro ushobore gukwirakwira vuba mu kirere.

(3) Kongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu hejuru y’ubutaka wongeramo ibinyabutabire (antistatic agents) kuri pulasitiki cyangwa ukabishyira hejuru kugira ngo wongere ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu hejuru y’ubutaka, bityo ugakuraho imbaraga zidahinduka.

 Imiterere y'imiti y'ibintu birwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere

Ibintu birwanya static ni inyongeramusaruro zongerwa ku bintu bibumba cyangwa zigashyirwa ku buso bw'ibikoresho bibumba kugira ngo bigabanye ubwiyongere bw'amashanyarazi adahindagurika. Muri rusange, hashingiwe ku buryo bwo gukoresha, ibintu birwanya static bishobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri by'ingenzi: ikoreshwa ry'imbere n'iry'inyuma.

2.Ibintu birwanya imihindagurikire y'imbere mu mubiri

Ibintu birwanya imihindagurikire y’ikirere byongewemo imbere bishyirwa muri polimeri nk'ibintu bitera imihindagurikire y’ikirere mbere cyangwa mu gihe cyo gushushanya. Byose bifite imiterere ikora ku buso kandi bishobora kwimuka no kwishyira hamwe ku buso bw'ibice byabumbwe. Ibi binyongereramo birimo amatsinda y’amazi n’amazi mu molecule zabyo. Amatsinda y’amazi atera imihindagurikire y’ikirere afite imiterere ifatika na polimeri kandi ashobora gutuma molecule zayo zifata ku buso bw’ibicuruzwa, mu gihe amatsinda y’amazi akora mu gufatana no guhinduranya na molecule z’amazi ku buso bw’ibicuruzwa. Ibintu byinshi bitera imihindagurikire y’ikirere bifite imiterere ikora ku buso bishobora gushyirwa mu moko ya cationic, anionic, na nonionic.

1.Imiti irwanya imihindagurikire ya Cationic:Muri ubu bwoko bw'ikintu kirwanya static, igice gikora cya molekile gikunze kuba kirimo itsinda rinini rya cationic ndetse akenshi itsinda rinini rya alkyl, nka quaternary ammonium salts, quaternary sulfonium salts, cyangwa quaternary sulfonium salts. Anions muri rusange zikorwa mu gihe cya quaternization reactions, nka chloride, methyl sulfates, na nitrates. Quaternary ammonium salt antistatic agents ziganje muri iki cyiciro cy'ibicuruzwa by'ubucuruzi. Cationic antistatic agents zikora neza cyane kuri polar matrices (nka PVC na styrene polymers). Ariko, ikoreshwa ryazo rigabanutse bitewe n'ingaruka mbi zabyo ku bushyuhe bwa polymers zimwe na zimwe.

2. Inzobere mu kurwanya static: Muri ubu bwoko bw'inzobere mu kurwanya static, igice cy'ingenzi cya molekile ni anionic. Alkyl sulfonates, sulfates, fosfeti, dithiocarbamate, cyangwa carboxylates akenshi zigira anionic nyinshi, mu gihe cations akenshi ziba ari ioni za alkali metal, ndetse rimwe na rimwe zikaba ari ioni za alkali metal metal. Urugero, sodium alkyl sulfonate ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda kuko igira ingaruka nziza ku kurwanya static muri polyvinyl chloride na polystyrene polymers, ariko ikoreshwa ryayo muri polyolefins rifite imbogamizi zimwe na zimwe.

3. Ibintu birwanya static bitari ionic: Izi antistatic agents zifite itsinda rya molekile rikora ku buso ridafite umuriro kandi rifite polarity nkeya cyane (cyane cyane polyethylene glycol esters cyangwa ethers, fatty acid esters cyangwa ethanolamines, mono- cyangwa diglycerides, na ethoxylated fatty amines). Akenshi zitangwa mu bucuruzi nk'ibinyobwa cyangwa irangi rito rito.

Kuba izi nyongeramusaruro ari nkeya bituma ziba imiti irwanya imihindagurikire y’imbere ya polyethylene na polypropylene, kandi zigaragaza imikoranire myiza. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa polyethylene na polypropylene bufite ubucucike butandukanye, kristali, n’imiterere ya molekyuli ntoya. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo haboneke imiterere myiza ya molekyuli kuri buri muti urwanya imihindagurikire, uburebure bw’umuyoboro wa alkyl n’umubare w’amatsinda ya hydroxyl cyangwa ether mu gice cy’umuyoboro bigomba guhindurwa. Muri ubu buryo gusa nibwo ingaruka zifuzwa zishobora kwemezwa neza. Urugero, imiti isanzwe irwanya imihindagurikire ikoreshwa muri polypropylene ntigira ingaruka nziza iyo ikoreshejwe kuri polyethylene ifite ubucucike buke, kandi ibinyuranye n’ibyo.

 Umuti urwanya static wo mu bwoko bw'imvange yo hanze

Ibintu birwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere byo hanze bishyirwa ku buso bw'ibice byabumbwe mu buryo bw'amazi cyangwa inzoga. Bitewe n'uburyo butandukanye bwo kubikoresha, ibisabwa mu miterere bivugwa mu bintu birwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere byo imbere biragabanuka. Ibintu byose birwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere, kimwe n'ibintu byinshi bitagira imihindagurikire y'ikirere (nka glycerin, polyols, na polyethylene glycol), bifite imiterere irwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku rugero rutandukanye, kandi imikorere y'ibyo bintu ntigira ingaruka ku guhuza kwabyo na polymer cyangwa kwimuka kwabyo muri polymer.