In maqaalkii ugu dambeeyay, waxaan soo bandhignay soo ifbixidda kala firdhiyeyaal, qaar ka mid ah farsamooyinka iyo hawlaha kala firdhiyeyaal. Qaybtan, waxaan ku sahamin doonnaa noocyada kala firdhiyeyaal xilliyo kala duwan iyadoo la raacayo taariikhda horumarinta kala firdhiyeyaal.

Wakiilka qoynta iyo kala firdhinta miisaanka molecular-ka ee dhaqameed oo hooseeya
Kala firdhiyihii ugu horreeyay wuxuu ahaa cusbo triethanolamine ah oo ah aashitada dufanka leh, kaas oo suuqa laga soo saaray qiyaastii 100 sano ka hor. Kala firdhiyuhu waa mid aad waxtar u leh oo dhaqaale ahaan u shaqeeya guud ahaan rinjiga warshadaha. Ma aha wax aan macquul ahayn in la isticmaalo, waxqabadkiisa bilowga ahna ee nidaamka alkyd ee saliidda dhexdhexaadka ah ma xuma.

Sannadihii 1940-meeyadii ilaa 1970-meeyadii, midabyada loo isticmaalay warshadaha dahaarka waxay ahaayeen midabyo aan dabiici ahayn iyo midabyo dabiici ah oo si fudud loo kala firdhin karo. Kala firdhiyeyaashu muddadaas waxay ahaayeen walxo la mid ah kuwa surfactants, iyadoo koox midabayn ah ay dhinac ka taagan tahay iyo qayb la jaanqaadaysa resin dhinaca kale. Inta badan molikuyuullada waxay lahaayeen hal dhibic oo midabayn ah.

Marka laga eego dhinaca qaab-dhismeedka, waxaa loo qaybin karaa saddex qaybood:

(1) waxyaabaha laga soo saaro asiidhka dufanka leh, oo ay ku jiraan asiidhka dufanka leh ee amides, cusbada asiidhka dufanka leh ee amides, iyo polyethers-ka asiidhka dufanka leh ee polyethers. Tusaale ahaan, asiidhka dufanka leh ee la beddelay oo leh baloogyo ay samaysay BYK 1920-1930, kuwaas oo lagu cusbeeyay amiinada silsiladda dheer si loo helo Anti-Terra U. Waxa kale oo jira BYK's P104/104S oo leh kooxo shaqo oo heer sare ah oo ku salaysan falcelinta DA ee lagu daray. BESM® 9116 oo ka socota Shierli waa kala firdhiye-ka-saarid iyo kala firdhiye caadi ah oo ku jira warshadaha putty. Waxay leedahay qoyaan wanaagsan, sifooyin ka-hortagga degitaanka iyo xasilloonida kaydinta. Waxay sidoo kale hagaajin kartaa sifooyinka ka-hortagga daxalka waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalaa astaamaha ka-hortagga daxalka. BESM® 9104/9104S sidoo kale waa kala firdhiye-ka-saarid caadi ah oo la xakameeyey oo leh kooxo badan oo isku xidha. Waxay samayn kartaa qaab-dhismeed shabakadeed marka la kala firdhiyo, taas oo aad waxtar ugu leh xakamaynta kala-soocidda midabka iyo midabka sabeynaya. Maadaama walxaha cayriin ee kala-soocidda asiidhka dufanka leh aysan ku tiirsanayn walxaha ceeriin ee batroolka, waa la cusboonaysiin karaa.

(2) Polymers-ka fosfooriga ee asiidhka dabiiciga ah. Noocan kala firdhiye wuxuu leeyahay awood isku xidha oo caalami ah oo loogu talagalay midabyada aan dabiiciga ahayn. Tusaale ahaan, BYK 110/180/111 iyo BESM® 9110/9108/9101 oo ka socda Shierli waa kala firdhiyeyaal aad u fiican oo lagu kala firdhiyo titanium dioxide iyo midabyada aan dabiiciga ahayn, iyadoo leh hoos u dhac ku yimaada viscosity-ga, horumarinta midabka iyo waxqabadka kaydinta. Intaa waxaa dheer, BYK 103 iyo BESM® 9103 oo ka socda Shierli labaduba waxay muujiyaan faa'iidooyin aad u fiican oo lagu dhimo viscosity-ga iyo xasilloonida kaydinta marka la kala firdhiyo slurries-ka matte-ka ah.

(3) Polyeters-ka aliphatic-ga aan ionic ahayn iyo alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ethers. Miisaanka molecular-ka ee noocan kala firdhiyaha ah guud ahaan waa ka yar yahay 2000 g/mol, waxayna si weyn diiradda u saartaa kala firdhinta midabada aan organic-ga ahayn iyo buuxinta. Waxay kaa caawin karaan qoynta midabada inta lagu jiro shiididda, si wax ku ool ah u nuugista dusha sare ee midabada aan organic-ga ahayn iyo ka hortagga kala-soocidda iyo roobka midabada, waxayna xakameyn karaan flocculation-ka waxayna ka hortagi karaan midabada sabeynaya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah miisaanka yar ee molecular-ka, ma bixin karaan caqabad wax ku ool ah oo steric ah, mana hagaajin karaan dhalaalka iyo kala soocidda filimka rinjiga. Kooxaha anchoring-ka ee ionic laguma nuugi karo dusha sare ee midabada organic-ga ah.

Kala firdhiyeyaal miisaan sare leh
Sannadkii 1970, midabyada dabiiciga ah ayaa la bilaabay in loo isticmaalo tiro badan. Midabada phthalocyanine ee ICI, midabyada quinacridone ee DuPont, midabyada azo condensation ee CIBA, midabyada benzimidazolone ee Clariant, iwm. dhammaantood waa la warshadeeyay waxayna soo galeen suuqa sannadihii 1970-meeyadii. Wakiillada asalka ah ee qoynta iyo kala firdhinta miisaanka molecular-ka hooseeya ma sii wadi karaan inay xasiliyaan midabyadan, waxaana la bilaabay in la sameeyo kala firdhiyeyaal cusub oo miisaan molecular sare leh.

Noocan kala firdhiye wuxuu leeyahay miisaan molecular ah oo ah 5000-25000 g/mol, iyadoo tiro badan oo kooxo kala firdhiye ah ay ku jiraan molecule-ka. Silsiladda ugu weyn ee polymer-ku waxay bixisaa iswaafajin ballaaran, silsiladda dhinaca ee la xalliyay waxay bixisaa caqabad steric ah, si walxaha midabku ay gebi ahaanba ugu jiraan xaalad deflocculated oo deggan. Kala firdhiyeyaal miisaan molecular sare leh waxay xasilin karaan midabyo kala duwan waxayna si buuxda u xallin karaan dhibaatooyinka sida midabka sabeynaya iyo sabeynaya, gaar ahaan midabada dabiiciga ah iyo madowga kaarboonka oo leh cabbir yar oo walxaha ah iyo flowculation fudud. Kala firdhiyeyaal miisaan molecular sare leh dhammaantood waa kala firdhiyeyaal deflocculating ah oo leh kooxo badan oo kala firdhiye midab ah oo ku yaal silsiladda molecular, kuwaas oo si xooggan u yareyn kara daxalka koollada midabka, hagaajin kara xoogga midabaynta midabka, dhalaalka rinjiga iyo dhalaalka, iyo wanaajin kara hufnaanta midabada hufan. Nidaamyada biyaha ku salaysan, kala firdhiyeyaal miisaan molecular sare leh waxay leeyihiin iska caabin biyo oo aad u fiican iyo iska caabin saponification. Dabcan, kala firdhiyeyaal miisaan molecular sare leh ayaa sidoo kale yeelan kara waxyeellooyin qaar, kuwaas oo inta badan ka yimaada qiimaha amine ee kala firdhiye. Qiimaha sare ee amine wuxuu horseedi doonaa kor u kaca viscosity-ga nidaamyada epoxy inta lagu jiro kaydinta; muddada kicinta oo yaraata ee polyurethanes-ka laba-qaybood leh (iyadoo la isticmaalayo isocyanates aromatic); hoos u dhaca falcelinta nidaamyada daaweynta aashitada; iyo saameynta kicinta oo daciif ah ee kiciyeyaasha kobalt ee alkyds-ka qalajiya hawada.

Marka laga eego qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada, nooca kala-firdhiyaha ah waxa inta badan loo qaybiyaa saddex qaybood:

(1) Kala-bixiyayaasha polyurethane ee miisaanka sare leh, kuwaas oo ah kala-bixiyayaasha polyurethane ee caadiga ah. Tusaale ahaan, BYK 160/161/163/164, BESM® 9160/9161/9163/9164, EFKA 4060/4061/4063, iyo jiilkii ugu dambeeyay ee kala-bixiyayaasha polyurethane BYK 2155 iyo BESM® 9248. Noocan kala-bixiyayaashu wuxuu u muuqday mid hore u soo baxay wuxuuna leeyahay dhagaystayaal badan. Waxay leedahay hoos u dhac ku yimaada dheellitirka iyo sifooyinka horumarinta midabka ee midabada organic-ga ah iyo madowga kaarboonka, waxayna mar noqotay kala-bixiyayaasha caadiga ah ee midabada organic-ga ah. Jiilkii ugu dambeeyay ee kala-bixiyayaasha polyurethane ayaa si weyn u hagaajiyay labadaba sifooyinka yaraynta dheellitirka iyo horumarinta midabka. BYK 170 iyo BESM® 9107 waxay ku habboon yihiin nidaamyada aashitada lagu kariyo. Kala-bixiyayaashu ma laha qiimo amine ah, taas oo yaraynaysa khatarta isku-darka inta lagu jiro kaydinta rinjiga mana saameynayso qalajinta rinjiga.

(2) Kala-bixiyayaasha Polyacrylate. Kala-bixiyayaashan, sida BYK 190 iyo BESM® 9003, waxay noqdeen kala-bixiyayaasha caadiga ah ee loogu talagalay dahaarka biyaha ku salaysan.

(3) Kala-baxa polymer-ka ee Hyperlanched. Kala-baxa polymer-ka ee Hyperlanched ee ugu badan ee la isticmaalo waa Lubrizol 24000 iyo BESM® 9240, kuwaas oo ah amides + imides oo ku salaysan polyester-ka silsiladda dheer. Labadan badeecadood waa badeecooyin shati haysta oo inta badan ku tiirsan laf-dhabarta polyester-ka si ay u xasiliyaan midabada. Awooddooda ay ku maareeyaan madowga kaarboon weli waa mid aad u fiican. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, polyester-ku wuxuu ku milmi doonaa heerkul hoose wuxuuna sidoo kale ku soo bixi doonaa rinjiga la dhammeeyay. Dhibaatadani waxay ka dhigan tahay in 24000 loo isticmaali karo oo keliya khad. Ka dib oo dhan, waxay muujin kartaa horumarin midab iyo xasillooni aad u wanaagsan marka loo isticmaalo in lagu kala diro madowga kaarboon ee warshadaha khad. Si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka kiristaalka, Lubrizol 32500 iyo BESM® 9245 waxay u muuqdeen midba midka kale. Marka la barbardhigo labada qaybood ee ugu horreeya, kala-baxa polymer-ka hyperlanched waxay leeyihiin qaab-dhismeed molecular ah oo wareegsan iyo kooxo isku-dhafan oo aad u xoogaysan, badanaa leh horumarin midab oo heer sare ah iyo waxqabad yareynaya viscosity oo xooggan. Iswaafajinta kala-firdhiyeyaasha polyurethane waxaa lagu hagaajin karaa noocyo badan, oo inta badan daboolaya dhammaan resins-ka alkyd laga bilaabo saliidda dheer ilaa saliidda gaaban, dhammaan resins-ka polyester-ka ee buuxa, iyo resins-ka acrylic-ka hydroxyl, waxayna xasilin kartaa inta badan madowga kaarboon iyo midabyada dabiiciga ah ee qaabab kala duwan. Maadaama ay weli jiraan tiro badan oo darajooyin kala duwan ah oo u dhexeeya 6000-15000 oo miisaanno molecular ah, macaamiishu waxay u baahan yihiin inay hubiyaan iswaafajinta iyo tirada lagu daray.

Kala firdhiyeyaasha polymerization-ka xagjirka ah ee xorta ah ee la xakameyn karo
Ka dib 1990, baahida suuqa ee kala firdhinta midabka ayaa sii fiicnaatay waxaana jiray horumarro laga sameeyay tignoolajiyada isku-darka polymer-ka, waxaana la sameeyay jiilkii ugu dambeeyay ee kala firdhiyeyaasha polymerization-ka xorta ah ee la xakameeyay.

Polymerization-ka xorta ah ee la xakameyn karo (CFRP) wuxuu leeyahay qaab-dhismeed si sax ah loo qaabeeyey, oo leh koox xidhitaan ah oo ku taal hal dhinac oo ka mid ah polymer-ka iyo qayb la xalliyay oo ku taal dhinaca kale. CFRP waxay isticmaashaa monomers-ka isku midka ah sida polymerization-ka caadiga ah, laakiin sababtoo ah monomers-ka waxaa si joogto ah loogu habeeyaa qaybaha molecular-ka iyo qaybinta miisaanka molecular-ka oo aad u siman, waxqabadka kala-firdhiyaha polymer-ka ee la sameeyay wuxuu leeyahay boodbood tayo leh. Kooxdan xidhitaanka ee hufan waxay si weyn u horumarisaa awoodda ka-hortagga flocculation-ka ee kala-firdhiyaha iyo horumarinta midabka ee midabka. Qaybta saxda ah ee la xalliyay waxay siinaysaa kala-firdhiyaha dheegga midab hooseeya iyo ku darista midab sare, kala-firdhiyuhuna wuxuu leeyahay iswaafajin ballaaran oo leh agabyo kala duwan oo saldhig resin ah.

Horumarinta kala-baxa dahaarka casriga ah wuxuu leeyahay taariikh ka yar 100 sano. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo kala-baxayaal ah oo loogu talagalay midabyo iyo nidaamyo kala duwan oo suuqa yaal. Isha ugu weyn ee kala-baxayaalku wali waa agabka ceeriin ee kiimikada batroolka. Kordhinta saamiga agabka ceeriin ee la cusboonaysiin karo ee kala-baxayaalku waa jiho horumarineed oo aad u rajo leh. Laga soo bilaabo geeddi-socodka horumarinta kala-baxayaalku, kala-baxayaalku waxay noqonayaan kuwo aad waxtar u leh. Hadday tahay awoodda yaraynta viscosity-ga ama horumarinta midabka iyo awoodaha kale ayaa isku mar soo hagaagaya, habkani wuu sii socon doonaa mustaqbalka.

Qalabka Cusub ee Nanjing Reborn wuxuu bixiyaaWakiilka qoynta kala-baxa ee rinjiga iyo dahaarka, oo ay ku jiraan qaar la mid ah Disperbyk.