I. Shuruudaha iyo Qeexitaannada

Iftiinka qorraxdu wuxuu ka kooban yahay iftiin badan oo ultraviolet (UV), oo leh hirar dhererkoodu yahay qiyaastii 290-460 nm, kaas oo waxyeello u leh walxaha midabka leh. Iftiinkan waxyeelada leh ee UV wuxuu sababaa in molecules-ka midabka ay burburaan oo ay libdhaan iyada oo loo marayo falgal kiimiko ah oo redox ah. Isticmaalka nuugayaasha UV waxay si wax ku ool ah uga hortagi kartaa ama u yarayn kartaa saameynta waxyeelada leh ee shucaaca UV ee walxaha la ilaaliyo.

Nuugayaasha UV waa xasiliya iftiinka kaas oo nuuga qaybta UV ee iftiinka qorraxda iyo ilaha iftiinka fluorescent-ka iyada oo aan wax isbeddel ah la samayn. Marka la eego iftiinka qorraxda iyo iftiinka, balaastikada iyo polymers-ka kale waxay maraan falgallo oksaydh-is-weydaarsi ah oo ay ugu wacan tahay ficilka shucaaca UV, taasoo horseedaysa burburka iyo xumaanshaha polymer-ka, taasoo keenta muuqaal xumo iyo sifooyin farsamo. Ku darista nuugayaasha UV waxay si xushmad leh u nuugtaa shucaaca UV-ga ee tamarta sare leh, iyadoo u beddesha tamar aan waxyeello lahayn oo la sii daayo ama la isticmaalo. Maadaama polymers-ka kala duwan ay leeyihiin hirarka UV-ga ee kala duwan oo sababa burburka, nuugayaasha UV-ga ee kala duwan waxay nuugaan hirarka kala duwan ee shucaaca UV. Sidaa darteed, nuugayaasha UV-ga ee ku habboon waa in la doortaa iyadoo lagu saleynayo nooca polymer-ka la isticmaalo.

II. Kala-soocidda iyo Hawlaha Nuugayaasha Ultraviolet-ka

Nuugayaasha ultraviolet-ka waa inay buuxiyaan shuruudaha soo socda:

① Waxay si xooggan u nuugi kartaa fallaaraha ultraviolet (gaar ahaan fallaaraha ultraviolet-ka oo leh hirarka hirarka 290 ~ 400nm); ② Waxay leedahay xasillooni kuleyl oo wanaagsan mana isbeddeli doonto kulaylka awgeed xitaa inta lagu jiro farsamaynta, iyadoo leh isbeddel heerkul oo hooseeya; ③ Waxay leedahay xasillooni kiimiko oo wanaagsan mana si xun uga falcelin doonto qaybaha maaddada ee ku jira badeecada; ④ Waxay leedahay isbedbeddel wanaagsan waxaana si siman loogu kala firdhin karaa walxaha iyada oo aan ubaxin ama daadan; ⑤ nuugista lafteedu waxay leedahay xasillooni sawir-kiimiko oo wanaagsan, ma burburto, mana beddesho midabka; ⑥ Waa mid aan midab lahayn, ma sun ahayn, urna ma leh; ⑦ Waa la dhaqi karaa; ⑧ Waa mid jaban oo si fudud loo heli karo.

Nuugayaasha UV-ga ee Benzotriazole hadda waa nooca ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo Shiinaha, laakiin nuugayaasha UV-ga ee triazine waxay muujiyaan waxqabad aad uga wanaagsan benzotriazoles. Nuugayaasha Triazine waxay leeyihiin sifooyin nuugis UV oo aad u fiican, oo ay weheliso faa'iidooyin kale, taasoo ka dhigaysa kuwo si weyn loogu dabaqi karo polymers-ka. Waxay muujiyaan xasillooni kuleyl oo aad u fiican, xasillooni habayn wanaagsan, iyo iska caabin aashito. Codsiyada wax ku oolka ah, nuugayaasha UV-ga ee triazine waxay muujiyaan saameyn xooggan oo isku-dhafan oo leh xasiliyeyaasha iftiinka amine ee caqabadda leh; marka la wada isticmaalo, waxay soo saaraan natiijooyin ka wanaagsan marka loo isticmaalo si gaar ah.

III. Dhowr nuugayaal ultraviolet caadi ah

(1) Waxsoosaarka falgalka ee o-nitroaniline iyo p-cresol

Waxay u muuqataa sida kiristaalo jaalle ah oo aan midab lahayn ama midab lahayn. Waxay ku milmaysaa dareereyaal badan oo dabiici ah sida gaaska, benzene, iyo acetone. Waxay leedahay milmi aad u yar oo biyaha ku jira mana burburiso alkalis ama asiidhyo xooggan. Waxay la falgashaa ayoonnada birta culus si ay u sameeyaan cusbo. Waxay nuugi kartaa iftiinka ultraviolet-ka iyadoo leh hirar dhererkoodu yahay 270-280 nm. Barta dhalaalkeedu waa 130-131℃.

Waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa resins sida polyester, polyester-ka chlorinated, cellulose acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, plexiglass, iyo polyacrylonitrile. Waxay muujisaa xasillooni ka wanaagsan alaabada hufan marka loo eego alaabada midabka leh. Qiyaasta ku jirta alaabada la dhammeeyay waa ≤0.5%.

(2) 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (UV-9)

Budada crystalline-ka ee huruud khafiif ah ama caddaan ah. Cufnaanta 1.324 g/cm³. Barta dhalaalaysa 62-66℃. Barta karkaraya 150-160℃ (0.67 kPa), 220℃ (2.4 kPa). Ku milma inta badan dareerayaasha dabiiciga ah sida acetone, ketones, benzene, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, iyo ethanol; kuma milmayo biyaha. Milmida (g/100g, 25℃) ee dareerayaasha qaarkood waa sidan soo socota: benzene 56.2, n-hexane 4.3, ethanol (95%) 5.8, kaarboon tetrachloride 34.5, styrene 51.2, DOP 18.7.

Iyada oo ah nuuge UV ah, waxay ku habboon tahay balaastikada kala duwan sida polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, polyester aan dheregsanayn, resin ABS, iyo resin cellulose. Mawjadaha ugu badan ee nuugista waa 280~340nm, qiyaasta caadiga ahna waa 0.1%~1.5%. Waxay leedahay xasillooni kuleyl oo wanaagsan mana burburto 200℃. Badeecadani ma nuugto iftiin muuqda, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon alaabada midabka fudud leh, ee hufan. Waxa kale oo loo isticmaali karaa rinjiyeynta iyo caagga macmal ah.

(3) 2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenone (UV-531)

Budada crystalline-ka ee jaalaha ah ama caddaanka ah. Cufnaanta 1.160 g/cm³ (25℃). Barta dhalaalaysa 48~49℃. Waxaa ku milma acetone, benzene, ethanol, iyo isopropanol; wax yar ayaa ku milma dichloroethane; kuma milma biyo. Milmida (g/100g, 25℃) ee dareerayaasha qaarkood waa: acetone 74, benzene 72, methanol 2, ethanol (95%) 2.6, n-heptane 40, n-hexane 40.1, biyo 0.5.

Iyada oo ah nuuge UV ah, waxay si xoog leh u nuugtaa iftiinka ultraviolet iyadoo leh hirar dhererkoodu yahay 270-330 nm. Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa balaastigyo kala duwan, gaar ahaan polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, ABS resin, polycarbonate, iyo polyvinyl chloride. Waxay leedahay iswaafajin wanaagsan oo leh resins iyo isbeddel yar. Qiyaasta caadiga ah waa 0.1% ilaa 1%. Waxay leedahay saameyn isku-dhafan oo wanaagsan marka loo isticmaalo xaddi yar oo ah 4,4-thiobis (6-tert-butyl-p-cresol). Badeecadan waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa sidii xasiliye iftiin ah oo ku jira dahaadh kala duwan.

(4) 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-tert-phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole (UV-327) waa nuuge UV ah oo leh sifooyin la mid ah wuxuuna u adeegsadaa benzotriazole UV-326. Waxay si xooggan u nuugtaa iftiinka ultraviolet-ka iyadoo leh mowjado dhererkoodu yahay 270~380nm, waxay leedahay xasillooni kiimiko oo wanaagsan, iyo isbeddel aad u hooseeya. Waxay leedahay iswaafajin wanaagsan oo leh polyolefins. Waxay si gaar ah ugu habboon tahay polyethylene iyo polypropylene. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, polyoxymethylene, polyurethane, polyester aan buuxin, resin ABS, resin epoxy, resin cellulose, iwm. Badeecadani waxay leedahay iska caabin kuleyl oo aad u fiican, dhaqid, iska caabin gaas oo libdha, iyo haynta hantida farsamada. Waxay leedahay saameyn isku-dhafan oo muhiim ah marka la isticmaalo antioxidants. Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu hagaajiyo xasilloonida thermo-oxidative ee alaabada.

(5) Resorcinol monobenzoate waa budo cad oo crystalline ah. Barta dhalaalka 132~135℃. Cufnaanta badan 0.68 g/cm³ (20%). Waxaa lagu milmi karaa acetone iyo ethanol, wax yar ayuu ku milmi karaa benzene, biyo, n-heptane, iwm. Iyada oo ah xasiliye iftiin UV ah, waxqabadkeedu wuxuu la mid yahay kuwa xasiliyeyaasha iftiinka ee ku salaysan benzophenone. Waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa polyvinyl chloride, cellulose resin, iyo polystyrene, badanaa qiyaasta 1% ilaa 2%.