Polyurethane-ka biyaha ku jira waa nooc cusub oo nidaam polyurethane ah kaas oo biyaha u isticmaala halkii uu ka isticmaali lahaa dareere dabiici ah oo ah qalab kala firdhiya. Waxay leedahay faa'iidooyinka aan lahayn wasakh, badbaado iyo isku hallayn, sifooyin farsamo oo aad u fiican, iswaafajin wanaagsan, iyo wax ka beddelid fudud.
Si kastaba ha ahaatee, walxaha polyurethane waxay sidoo kale la il daran yihiin iska caabbinta biyaha oo liidata, iska caabbinta kulaylka, iyo iska caabbinta dareeraha sababtoo ah la'aanta isku xidhka isku xidhka ee deggan.

Sidaa darteed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la horumariyo lana hagaajiyo sifooyinka kala duwan ee isticmaalka polyurethane iyadoo la soo bandhigayo monomers shaqeynaya sida fluorosilicon organic, epoxy resin, acrylic ester, iyo nanomaterials.
Waxaa ka mid ah, walxaha polyurethane ee wax laga beddelay ee nanomaterial-ka ayaa si weyn u horumarin kara sifooyinkooda farsamada, iska caabbinta xirashada, iyo xasilloonida kulaylka. Hababka wax ka beddelka waxaa ka mid ah habka isku-dhafka ah ee isku-dhafka ah, habka polymerization-ka ee goobta, habka isku-darka, iwm.

Nano Silica
SiO2 wuxuu leeyahay qaab-dhismeed shabakadeed saddex-geesood ah, oo leh tiro badan oo kooxo hydroxyl firfircoon oo dusha sare ah. Waxay hagaajin kartaa sifooyinka dhammaystiran ee isku-dhafka ah ka dib marka lagu daro polyurethane iyadoo la adeegsanayo isku-xidhka covalent iyo xoogga van der Waals, sida dabacsanaanta, iska caabbinta heerkulka sare iyo kan hoose, iska caabbinta gabowga, iwm. Guo et al. waxay sameeyeen polyurethane-ka wax laga beddelay ee nano-SiO2 iyagoo adeegsanaya habka polymerization-ka gudaha. Markii maaddada SiO2 ay ahayd qiyaastii 2% (wt, jajabka cufnaanta, isla kan hoose), viscosity-ga jarista iyo xoogga diirka ee dhejiska ayaa si aasaasi ah loo hagaajiyay. Marka la barbardhigo polyurethane saafi ah, iska caabbinta heerkulka sare iyo xoogga jiidista ayaa sidoo kale si yar u kordhay.

Nano Zinc Oxide
Nano ZnO wuxuu leeyahay awood farsamo oo sare, sifooyin wanaagsan oo bakteeriyada dila iyo bakteeriyada, iyo sidoo kale awood xooggan oo uu ku nuugo shucaaca infrared-ka iyo gaashaanka UV-ga oo wanaagsan, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon sameynta agab leh shaqooyin gaar ah. Awad et al. waxay isticmaaleen habka nano positron si ay ugu daraan buuxinta ZnO polyurethane. Daraasaddu waxay ogaatay in uu jiray is-dhexgal is-dhexgal ah oo u dhexeeya nanoparticles iyo polyurethane. Kordhinta nuxurka nano ZnO laga bilaabo 0 ilaa 5% waxay kordhisay heerkulka kala-guurka galaaska (Tg) ee polyurethane, taas oo wanaajisay xasilloonideeda kulaylka.

Kaalshiyam Nano Kaarboonate
Isdhexgalka xooggan ee u dhexeeya nano CaCO3 iyo matrix-ka ayaa si weyn u xoojiya xoogga jiidista ee walxaha polyurethane. Gao et al. ayaa markii ugu horreysay wax ka beddelay nano-CaCO3 oo leh oleic acid, ka dibna waxay diyaariyeen polyurethane/CaCO3 iyada oo loo marayo polymerization-ka gudaha. Tijaabada Infrared (FT-IR) waxay muujisay in nanoparticles-ku si isku mid ah loogu kala firdhiyey matrix-ka. Sida laga soo xigtay tijaabooyinka waxqabadka farsamada, waxaa la ogaaday in polyurethane-ka wax laga beddelay nanoparticles uu leeyahay xoog jiidis oo ka sarreeya polyurethane saafi ah.

Graphene
Graphene (G) waa qaab-dhismeed lakabaysan oo ay ku xiran yihiin orbital-yada isku-dhafan ee SP2, kaas oo muujiya gudbin heer sare ah, gudbin heer kul, iyo xasillooni. Waxay leedahay xoog sare, adkeysi wanaagsan, waana mid si fudud loo leexiyo. Wu et al. waxay sameeyeen nanocomposites Ag/G/PU, iyadoo kororka tirada Ag/G ay sii kordheyso, xasilloonida kulaylka iyo biyo-qabsiga walxaha isku-dhafan ayaa sii waday inay soo fiicnaato, waxqabadka bakteeriyada ayaa sidoo kale si waafaqsan u kordhay.

Tuubooyinka Kaarboonka
Tuubooyinka kaarboonka (CNTs) waa nanomaterials hal-cabbir ah oo ku xiran lix-geesood, waana mid ka mid ah walxaha leh codsiyo kala duwan. Iyadoo la adeegsanayo xooggeeda sare, conductivity, iyo sifooyinka isku-dhafka ah ee polyurethane, xasilloonida kulaylka, sifooyinka farsamada, iyo conductivity ee walaxda waa la hagaajin karaa. Wu et al. waxay soo bandhigeen CNTs iyada oo loo marayo polymerization-ka gudaha si loo xakameeyo koritaanka iyo sameynta walxaha emulsion-ka, taasoo awood u siinaysa CNTs in si isku mid ah loogu kala firdhiyo matrix-ka polyurethane. Iyadoo ay sii kordhayso nuxurka CNTs, xoogga jiidista ee walaxda isku-dhafka ah ayaa si weyn loo hagaajiyay.

Shirkaddayadu waxay bixisaa tayo sare lehSilica la shiiday, Wakiilada ka hortagga hydrolysis-ka (wakiilada isku xidha, Carbodiimide), nuugayaasha UViwm., kuwaas oo si weyn u hagaajiya waxqabadka polyurethane.