He pūhui whānui te polypropylene e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā tono maha nā te mea he pai rawa te whakakotahitanga o ngā āhuatanga. Ka taea te whakarei ake i ōna āhuatanga, pērā i te ā-tinana, te ā-mīhini me te ā-whatu mā te whakamahi tika i ngā matū whakapūmau me ngā matū whakamārama. Ka āwhina ēnei tāpiringa i te whakatiotanga o te PP i te wā tukatuka, ā, ka whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga kua riro mai.

Kia mārama ki te whakamahi i ngā matū whakatipu me ngā matū whakamārama, me te tiki tohutohu whiriwhiri hei whakanui ake i te tere whakaputa, hei whakarerekē i te hanganga me te āhua, me te whakaiti i te kohu i roto i ō hanganga polypropylene.

I. Te Tūranga o ngā Ākena Whakamārama i roto i te PP

Ko te tioata o ngā pūmua haurua-tioata te take o ngā āhuatanga maha, pērā i te pumau o ngā āhuatanga, te mārama, me te pakari.

Mō tētahi wāhanga me tētahi tukanga kua tautuhia, ko te kaha o te tioata e whakahaeretia ana e te hanganga o te pūmua, te whakatakotoranga, me ngā āhuatanga tukatuka e hua ake ai he taurite motuhake o te hanga wera me te whakamatao. Nō reira, he maha ngā wā he rerekē te kaha o te tioata, he rerekē te hītori wera mō te kiri me te uho o ngā wāhanga, o ngā taonga rānei.

Ka tere ake, ka whakatikatikahia hoki te whakatioatatanga e ngā matū whakapūmau me ngā matū whakamārama, ā, ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga mutunga o ngā pūmua haurua-tioata ki ngā whakaritenga mahi.

·I roto i ngā hanganga polypropylene, mā te tāpiri i ngā kaihoko whakapūngao (e kiia ana ko ngā kaiwhakapūngao) ka hua ake he pai ake te mahi me ngā āhuatanga tukatuka, pēnei i:

· He mārama ake, he iti iho hoki te kohu

· Te whakapakari me te whakapakari i te tinana

· Te Pāmahana Whakarerekē Wera Whakapai Ake (HDT)

· Te wā huringa kua whakaitihia

· He iti ake te piko me te whakaheke ōrite

· Te whakaiti i te aro o ngā tae ki ngā panonitanga āhuatanga me ngā tae rerekē

·Te whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te tukatuka i roto i ētahi tono

Nō reira, he huarahi kaha te whakapūtanga hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana, ā-pūkaha, me te ā-whatu o te polypropylene. Mā te whiriwhiri tupato i ngā whakapūtanga, ngā whakamārama rānei, ka taea te whakapai ake i te māramatanga, te pumau o ngā āhuatanga, te piko, te whakaiti, te CLTE, te HDT, ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha me te pānga ārai.

II. Te Polypropylene me tōna āhua tioata

He polymer tioata e whakamahia whānuitia ana te polypropylene, he polymer taonga i hangaia mai i te polymerization o te propene monomer. I te polymerization, ka taea e te PP te hanga i ngā hanganga mekameka taketake e toru (atactic, isotactic, syndiotactic) i runga i te tūranga o ngā rōpū methyl. Ko te tioata o te polymer e tohuhia ana e:

·Ngā āhua me ngā rahi o ngā tioata

·Ngā ōwehenga tioata, ā, i te mutunga

· Te whakatakotoranga o ngā tioata

He pūhui haurua-kiriata te polypropylene isotactic (iPP). He tino pai te ōwehenga utu ki te mahi, ā, he mea tino ataahua ki te whānuitanga o ngā tono pēnei i te motuka, ngā taputapu, ngā paipa, te takai, me ētahi atu.

E hono tika ana te taupū isotacticity o te iPP ki te nui o te tioata, he pānga nui tēnei ki te mahi a te polymer. Ka whakanui ake te isotacticity i te kaha o te tioata, te modulus piko, te pakeke me te mārama, ā, ka whakaiti i te ātete pānga me te uruhanga.

E whakataurite ana te ripanga i raro nei i ngā āhuatanga o ngā homopolymer polypropylene e rua, he rerekē te taupū isotacticity.

III. Te whakatioatatanga o te Polypropylene
I runga i ngā āhuatanga, ka taea e te Polypropylene Isotactic te whakatio kia whā ngā wāhanga rerekē e tohuhia ana ko te α, β, γ me te smectic mesomorphic. Ko ngā wāhanga α me te β ngā mea tino nui.

Wāhanga α

1. He pumau ake tēnei wāhanga, ā, he mōhiotia whānuitia hoki.

2. Nō te pūnaha tioata monoclinic ēnei tioata.

Wāhanga β

1. He pumau tēnei wāhanga, ā, nō te pūnaha tioata rūpahu-hexagonal ōna tioata.

2. Ko te wāhanga β kei roto i te polypropylene poraka kua whakakotahihia, ā, ka taea te whakaputa mā te tāpiri i ngā kaihoko whakapūmau motuhake.

3. I kitea tēnei āhua tioata e Padden rāua ko Keith i te tau 1953; ka taea te whakatairanga mā te whakatiotanga i waenga i te 130°C me te 132°C, te aronga kutikuti teitei, te tāpiri rānei i ngā matū whakapūmau motuhake.

4. Ko te noho mai o te wāhanga β i roto i ngā homopolymer polypropylene ka whakapai ake i te ngāwari o te hua kua oti, ā, ka tino kitea te pānga ina tae te ihirangi wāhanga β ki te 65%.

Wāhanga γ

1. Ka taea hoki te horapa i tēnei wāhanga, me ngā tioata triclinic.

2. He mea onge tēnei āhua tioata; ko te nuinga ka puta i roto i te polypropylene taumaha-iti, ā, ka hangaia mā te tioata i raro i te pēhanga tino teitei me ngā tere whakamatao tino iti.

Ⅳ. Te Tukanga Whakapūtanga i roto i te Polypropylene

E mōhiotia whānuitia ana ko te tīmatanga o te whakatiotanga o ngā pūmua ko ngā iroriki iti (ngā matūriki ririki) kei roto noa i ngā toenga whakakorikori rite-rewa, ngā poke, te puehu, me ētahi atu. Kātahi ka taea te whakarerekē me te whakahaere i te āhua o te tioata mā te tāpiri i ngā iroriki "horihori" kua whakaurua ki roto i te rewa pūmua. Ka kiia tēnei mahi ko te Nucleation.

Ka whakamahia ngā ira-whakapūmau, ngā matū whakatupu rānei, hei whakarato i ngā pae mō te tīmatanga o ngā tioata.

Ko ngā whakamārama he whānau iti o ngā nucleator e whakarato ana i ngā tioata iti ake e whakaiti ana i te māramatanga e marara ana, ā, nō reira, ka whakarei ake i te māramatanga mō te matotoru pakitara ōrite o tētahi wāhanga.

Ko te mahi a ēnei matū whakatupu matū he whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o ngā wāhanga kua oti.

Ⅴ. Ngā Kaihanga me ngā Kaiwhakamārama: He Rōpū Tāpiri Whai Hua

Ngā Kaihoko Whakapūnga Matūriki

Ko ngā matūriki whakapūpū matūriki he matūriki rewa nui te nuinga, ka marara ki roto i te rewa pūmua mā te whakakotahitanga. Ka mahi ēnei matūriki hei 'pūnaha pūmau' motuhake ka taea te tīmata te tipu o te tioata pūmua.

Ko te kukū nui o ngā karihi ka hua ake he tere ake te whakatioatatanga (he poto ake ngā wā huringa), me ngā taumata whakatioatatanga teitei ake, ka whakapai ake i te kaha, te pakari, me te HDT o te PP.

Nā te iti o te rahi o ngā konganuku tioata (ngā spherulite) ka iti ake te marara o te māramatanga, ā, ka mārama ake.

Ko ngā matūriki whakapūmau matūriki e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā tote me ngā kohuke, pērā i te talc, te sodium benzoate, ngā phosphate esters me ētahi atu tote rauropi.

E kiia ana ko te talc me te sodium benzoate he iti te mahi, he iti te utu, ā, he iti noa te whakapainga e whakaratohia ana i roto i te kaha, te pakari, te HDT, me te wā huringa.

Ko ngā matū whai hua nui, utu nui hoki, pērā i ngā phosphate esters me ngā tote bicycloheptane, ka pai ake ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te whakapai ake i te māramatanga.

Ngā Kaihoko Whakarewa

Ko ngā matūriki wairewa, e kiia ana hoki ko te 'tairongo-rewa', he iti ngā ira rewa, ā, ka rewa ki roto i te PP rewa.

I te whakamataotanga o te pūmua rewa i roto i te pokepokea ai, ka tio tuatahi ēnei matūriki ka hanga he whatunga tohatoha pai me te horahanga mata tino teitei.

I te heke haere tonu o te pāmahana, ka mahi ngā miro o tēnei whatunga hei karihi hei tīmata i te whakatioatatanga o te polymer.

Nā te tino kukū o ngā karihi ka hua ake he iti rawa ngā whakahiato tioata PP, e homai ana te taumata iti rawa o te marara mārama me te māramatanga pai rawa atu.

He matū whakamārama pai ngā matū whakamārama katoa, engari ehara i te mea he matū whakamārama pai ngā matū whakamārama katoa.

Ko ētahi o ngā matūriki noa, pērā i te konutai benzoate me te talc, kāore e whakaiti i te rahi o te spherulite kia iti ai te kohu me te māramatanga o te wāhanga whakarewa. Ko te māramatanga pai rawa atu ka tutukihia i te nuinga o te wā ina whakamahia ngā matūriki wairewa.

Ko ngā pūhui waro wairewa e mahi ana hei whakamārama ko ngā sorbitol, ngā nonotol, me ngā trisamide.

Ahakoa e whakamahia ana ēnei matū hei whakatutuki i te māramatanga teitei me te iti o te kohu, ka whakapai ake hoki i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te whakaiti i te wā huringa.

Āhua Matūriki me te Tauwehenga Āhua

Ka taea e ngā matūriki karihi he āhua rite ki te ngira (pērā i te ADK STAB NA-11) te whakaputa i ngā uara whakahekenga rerekē i roto i te mīhini me ngā ahunga whakawhiti. Ka taea e tēnei anisotropy whakahekenga te whakaputa i te piko i te wāhanga whakamutunga. Ka taea e ngā matūriki karihi he āhua papatahi te whakaputa i te whakahekenga ōrite ake i ngā ahunga e rua, ā, ka iti ake te piko.

Rahi o te Matūriki me te Tohatoha o te Rahi o te Matūriki

Mā te iti o te rahi o te matūriki ka pai ake te whakapūpūtanga o te matūriki, engari he uaua ake hoki te whakamarara i ngā matūriki iti. Ko ētahi matūriki matūriki, pērā i te konutai benzoate, ka kohikohi anō.

Te Kaitātari Waikawa i Whakamahia

Ka taea e ētahi matū whakangaro waikawa, pērā i ngā tote waikawa ngako (hei tauira, te konupūmā stearate) te whakahē ki ētahi matū whakangaro, pērā i ngā phosphate esters me te sodium benzoate. Me whakamahi tahi te dihydrotalcite me ēnei matū whakangaro.

Kaua rawa e whakamahia te konupūmā stearate me te konutai benzoate nā te mea ka whakakorea rawatia e te konupūmā stearate te hanganga o te konutai benzoate.

Te Tohu o te Mararatanga me te Aroaro o ngā Whakakotahitanga Kāore i Marara

He maha ngā wā ka hanga he putunga e te konutai benzoate, ā, he uaua ki te horapa tika.

Te pāmahana rewa

Me teitei ake ngā pāmahana rewa mō ngā sorbitol kia tino mārama ai, nā te mea me rewa katoa i roto i te rewa pūmua.

Ngā Mahi Tahi me ngā Whakahē i waenganui i ngā Nucleants me ētahi atu Tāpiritanga

Ka taea e ngā mea whakangaro waikawa te mahi tahi, te mahi taupatupatu rānei. Ka pā kino ngā tote waikawa ngako ki te modulus o te phosphate ester nucleated PP.

Kōwhiria te MatauNgā Nucleantsme ngā Whakamārama mō te PP

I mua i te whiriwhiri i te matū whakapūmau, whakamārama rānei e tika ana mō tō tono PP, whakatauhia ko tēhea whakapainga rawa e tino hiahia ana koe ki:

a. Mena he mea nui te iti o te kohu me te māramatanga teitei, whiriwhiria tētahi o ngā whakamārama wairewa.

b. Mō ngā whakaritenga mārama iti ake, ko tengā hākawa phosphateka taea te whakamahi.

c. Mena he mea nui rawa te modulus teitei, whiriwhiria tētahi o ngā phosphate esters.

Mena he mea nui te utu iti, whiriwhiria te konutai benzoate.

e.Mēnā he mea nui te iti o te piko me te iti o te aro ki ngā tae, whiriwhiria te tote bicycloheptane.

He mea nui hoki kia whakatauhia me pēhea te whakauru i te matūriki ki roto i te kapia PP. Me whakahaere tonu i ngā whakamātautau tika kia pai ai te horapa me te whakapūmautanga.

Whakahaerehia te DSC ki runga i te kapia PP kua whakapūmautia. Ko ngā whakapainga o te wā huringa e pā ana ki te pikinga o te pāmahana whakatioata (Tc). Whakamātauria ngā āhuatanga o te tauira kua whakarewaina.

Mena kei te hiahia koe ki te uiui mō ngā hua e pā ana ki ngā matū whakatipu, tēnā koa whakapā maiwhakapā maii ngā wā katoa.