In ʻatikala hope loa, ua hoʻolauna mākou i ka puka ʻana mai o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, kekahi mau ʻano hana a me nā hana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe. Ma kēia paukū, e ʻimi mākou i nā ʻano o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i nā wā like ʻole me ka mōʻaukala hoʻomohala o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe.

ʻO ka mea hoʻomaʻū a me ka hoʻopuehu kaumaha molekala haʻahaʻa kuʻuna
ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻe mua loa ʻo ia ka paʻakai triethanolamine o ka waikawa momona, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka mākeke ma kahi o 100 mau makahiki i hala. He kūpono loa kēia mea hoʻoheheʻe a he waiwai hoʻi i nā noi pena ʻoihana maʻamau. ʻAʻole hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana, a ʻaʻole maikaʻi ʻole kāna hana mua ma ka ʻōnaehana alkyd aila waena.

I nā makahiki 1940 a hiki i nā makahiki 1970, ʻo nā pigment i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana uhi ʻana he mau pigment inorganic a me kekahi mau pigment organik i maʻalahi ke hoʻopuehu. ʻO nā mea hoʻopuehu i kēia wā he mau mea like me nā surfactants, me kahi hui hoʻopaʻa pigment ma kekahi ʻaoʻao a me kahi ʻāpana resin kūpono ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā molekala he hoʻokahi wale nō wahi hoʻopaʻa pigment.

Mai kahi ʻano hoʻolālā, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana:

(1) nā mea i loaʻa mai ka waikawa momona, me nā amides waikawa momona, nā paʻakai amide waikawa momona, a me nā polyethers waikawa momona. No ka laʻana, nā waikawa momona i hoʻololi ʻia me nā poloka i hoʻomohala ʻia e BYK i ka makahiki 1920-1930, i paʻakai ʻia me nā amines kaulahao lōʻihi e loaʻa ai ʻo Anti-Terra U. Aia pū kekahi ʻo BYK's P104/104S me nā hui hopena hana kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka hopena hoʻohui DA. ʻO BESM® 9116 mai Shierli he mea hoʻoheheʻe deflocculating a he mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau i ka ʻoihana putty. Loaʻa iā ia ka wettability maikaʻi, nā waiwai anti-settling a me ke kūpaʻa mālama. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai anti-corrosion a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā primers anti-corrosion. ʻO BESM® 9104/9104S he mea hoʻoheheʻe flocculation i kāohi ʻia me nā hui anchoring he nui. Hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi ʻano pūnaewele i ka wā i hoʻopuehu ʻia, he mea kōkua nui ia i ka kaohi ʻana i ka sedimentation pigment a me ke kala lana. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hilinaʻi hou nā mea maka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka momona waikawa i nā mea maka petrochemical, hiki ke hoʻohou hou ʻia.

(2) Nā polymers ester waikawa phosphoric organik. Loaʻa i kēia ʻano dispersant kahi hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā pigments inorganic. No ka laʻana, ʻo BYK 110/180/111 a me BESM® 9110/9108/9101 mai Shierli he mau mea hoʻolaha maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka titanium dioxide a me nā pigments inorganic, me ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka viscosity koʻikoʻi, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kala a me ka hana mālama. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ʻo BYK 103 a me BESM® 9103 mai Shierli i nā pono hōʻemi viscosity maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa mālama i ka wā e hoʻolaha ai i nā slurries matte.

(3) Nā polyethers aliphatic non-ionic a me nā alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ethers. ʻO ke kaumaha molekala o kēia ʻano dispersant maʻamau he emi ma mua o 2000 g/mol, a ke kau nui nei ia i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā pigments inorganic a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha. Hiki iā lākou ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaʻū ʻana i nā pigments i ka wā e wili ai, hoʻopili pono ma luna o ka ʻili o nā pigments inorganic a pale i ka stratification a me ka precipitation o nā pigments, a hiki ke kāohi i ka flocculation a pale i nā kala lana. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ke kaumaha molekala liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi i ka steric hindrance kūpono, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻālohilohi a me ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻili pena. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā hui anchoring Ionic ma luna o ka ʻili o nā pigments organik.

Nā mea hoʻolaha kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe
I ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pigment organik i nā nui he nui. ʻO nā pigment phthalocyanine a ICI, nā pigment quinacridone a DuPont, nā pigment condensation azo a CIBA, nā pigment benzimidazolone a Clariant, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomohala ʻia a ua komo i ka mākeke i nā makahiki 1970. ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea hoʻomaʻū a me nā mea hoʻopuehu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa mua ke hoʻopaʻa hou i kēia mau pigment, a ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hoʻopuehu kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe hou.

ʻO ke kaumaha molekala o kēia ʻano mea hoʻolaha he 5000-25000 g/mol, me ka nui o nā hui hoʻopaʻa pigment ma ka mole. Hāʻawi ke kaulahao nui polymer i ka hoʻohālikelike ākea, a hāʻawi ke kaulahao ʻaoʻao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka pale steric, i hiki ai i nā ʻāpana pigment ke noho piha i kahi kūlana deflocculated a paʻa. Hiki i nā mea hoʻolaha kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻopaʻa i nā pigment like ʻole a hoʻoponopono piha i nā pilikia e like me ke kala lana a me ka lana ʻana, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā pigment organik a me ka ʻeleʻele kalapona me ka nui o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a me ka flocculation maʻalahi. ʻO nā mea hoʻolaha kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe he mau mea hoʻolaha deflocculating āpau me nā hui hoʻopaʻa pigment he nui ma ke kaulahao molekala, hiki ke hoʻemi ikaika i ka viscosity o ka hoʻopili kala, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika o ka pigment tinting, ka ʻōlinolino pena a me ka vividness, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka transparency o nā pigments moakaka. I loko o nā ʻōnaehana wai, loaʻa i nā mea hoʻolaha kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe ke kūpaʻa wai maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa saponification. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki i nā mea hoʻolaha kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe ke loaʻa kekahi mau hopena ʻaoʻao, ʻo ia hoʻi ka waiwai amine o ka mea hoʻolaha. ʻO ka waiwai amine kiʻekiʻe e alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka viscosity o nā ʻōnaehana epoxy i ka wā e mālama ai; ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka manawa hoʻāla o nā polyurethanes ʻelua-ʻāpana (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā isocyanates aromatic); ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka reactivity o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻōla waikawa; a me ka hoʻonāwaliwali ʻana o ka hopena catalytic o nā catalysts cobalt i loko o nā alkyds e hoʻomaloʻo ana i ka ea.

Mai ka manaʻo o ke ʻano kemika, ua māhele ʻia kēia ʻano dispersant i ʻekolu mau māhele:

(1) Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polyurethane kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polyurethane maʻamau. No ka laʻana, ʻo BYK 160/161/163/164, BESM® 9160/9161/9163/9164, EFKA 4060/4061/4063, a me ka hanauna hou loa o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polyurethane BYK 2155 a me BESM® 9248. Ua ʻike mua ʻia kēia ʻano mea hoʻoheheʻe a he lehulehu ka poʻe i makemake nui ʻia. Loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai hoʻemi viscosity maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomohala kala no nā pigments organik a me ka ʻeleʻele kalapona, a ua lilo i mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau no nā pigments organik. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ka hanauna hou loa o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polyurethane i nā waiwai hoʻemi viscosity a me ka hoʻomohala kala. ʻOi aku ka kūpono o BYK 170 a me BESM® 9107 no nā ʻōnaehana acid-catalyzed. ʻAʻohe waiwai amine o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, kahi e hoʻemi ai i ka pilikia o ka agglomeration i ka wā e mālama ai i ka pena a ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i ka maloʻo ʻana o ka pena.

(2) Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polyacrylate. Ua lilo kēia mau mea hoʻoheheʻe, e like me BYK 190 a me BESM® 9003, i mau mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau no nā uhi wai.

(3) Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polymer Hyperbranched. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hyperbranched i hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Lubrizol 24000 a me BESM® 9240, ʻo ia hoʻi nā amides + imides i hoʻokumu ʻia ma luna o nā polyesters kaulahao lōʻihi. ʻO kēia mau huahana ʻelua he mau huahana patent e hilinaʻi nui ana i ka iwi kuamoʻo polyester e hoʻopaʻa i nā pigments. He maikaʻi loa ko lākou hiki ke lawelawe i ka ʻeleʻele kalapona. Eia nō naʻe, e crystallize ka polyester i nā mahana haʻahaʻa a e precipitate pū i loko o ka pena i hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia pilikia hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia ka 24000 i nā ʻīnika. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i ka hoʻomohala kala maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai e hoʻolaha i ka ʻeleʻele kalapona i loko o ka ʻoihana ʻīnika. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana crystallization, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Lubrizol 32500 a me BESM® 9245 kekahi ma hope o kekahi. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā māhele mua ʻelua, he ʻano molekala spherical nā mea hoʻoheheʻe polymer hyperbranched a me nā hui pigment affinity i hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia, maʻamau me ka hoʻomohala kala koʻikoʻi a me ka hana hoʻemi viscosity ikaika. Hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā mea hoʻolaha polyurethane ma luna o kahi ākea ākea, e uhi ana i nā resins alkyd āpau mai ka ʻaila lōʻihi a i ka ʻaila pōkole, nā resins polyester saturated āpau, a me nā resins acrylic hydroxyl, a hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā ʻeleʻele kalapona a me nā pigments organik o nā ʻano like ʻole. No ka mea he nui nō nā papa like ʻole ma waena o 6000-15000 mau kaumaha molekala, pono nā mea kūʻai aku e nānā no ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka nui o ka hoʻohui.

Nā mea hoʻolaha polymerization radical manuahi hiki ke hoʻokele ʻia
Ma hope o 1990, ua hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻia ke koi o ka mākeke no ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka pigment a ua loaʻa nā holomua i ka ʻenehana synthesis polymer, a ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka hanauna hou loa o nā mea hoʻolaha polymerization radical free i kāohi ʻia.

Loaʻa i ka polymerization radical manuahi hiki ke hoʻokele ʻia (CFRP) kahi ʻano i hoʻolālā pono ʻia, me kahi hui hoʻopaʻa ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka polymer a me kahi ʻāpana solvated ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. Hoʻohana ʻo CFRP i nā monomers like me ka polymerization maʻamau, akā no ka mea ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia nā monomers ma nā ʻāpana molekala a ʻoi aku ka like o ka hoʻolaha kaumaha molekala, ʻoi aku ka lele qualitative o ka hana o ka dispersant polymer synthesized. Hoʻomaikaʻi nui kēia hui hoʻopaʻa pono i ka hiki anti-flocculation o ka dispersant a me ka hoʻomohala kala o ka pigment. Hāʻawi ka ʻāpana solvated pololei i ka dispersant i kahi viscosity wili hoʻopili kala haʻahaʻa a me kahi hoʻohui pigment kiʻekiʻe, a he kūlike ākea ka dispersant me nā mea kumu resin like ʻole.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea hoʻolaha uhi hou he moʻolelo ma lalo o 100 mau makahiki. Nui nā ʻano mea hoʻolaha no nā pigments a me nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole ma ka mākeke. ʻO ke kumu nui o nā mea maka dispersant he mau mea maka petrochemical nō naʻe. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hapa o nā mea maka hou i nā mea hoʻolaha he ala hoʻomohala hoʻohiki loa ia. Mai ke kaʻina hana hoʻomohala o nā mea hoʻolaha, ke lilo nei nā mea hoʻolaha i mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Inā paha he hiki ke hoʻemi i ka viscosity a i ʻole ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kala a me nā hiki ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi like ana, e hoʻomau kēia kaʻina hana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Hāʻawi ʻo Nanjing Reborn New Materialsmea hoʻoheheʻe pulu no nā pena a me ka uhi ʻana, me kekahi mau mea e kūlike me Disperbyk.