In nkhani yomaliza, tinayambitsa kubuka kwa zinthu zotulutsa mpweya, njira zina ndi ntchito za zinthu zotulutsa mpweya. Mu ndimeyi, tifufuza mitundu ya zinthu zotulutsa mpweya m'nyengo zosiyanasiyana ndi mbiri ya chitukuko cha zinthu zotulutsa mpweya.

Traditional otsika molekyulu kulemera wetting ndi dispersing wothandizira
Choyambitsa kufalikira kwa mafuta choyambirira chinali mchere wa triethanolamine wa asidi wamafuta, womwe unayambitsidwa pamsika zaka pafupifupi 100 zapitazo. Choyambitsa kufalikira kwa mafuta ichi chimagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri komanso chotsika mtengo pa utoto wa mafakitale ambiri. Sikovuta kuchigwiritsa ntchito, ndipo magwiridwe ake oyamba mu alkyd yamafuta apakatikati si oipa.

M'zaka za m'ma 1940 mpaka 1970, utoto womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakampani opanga utoto unali utoto wosapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe komanso utoto wina wachilengedwe womwe unali wosavuta kufalitsa. Zotulutsa utoto panthawiyi zinali zinthu zofanana ndi zinthu zopanga utoto, zokhala ndi gulu lomangira utoto kumapeto kwina ndi gawo logwirizana ndi utomoni kumapeto kwina. Mamolekyu ambiri anali ndi malo amodzi okha omangira utoto.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a kapangidwe kake, akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu:

(1) zinthu zochokera ku mafuta acid, kuphatikizapo mafuta acid amides, mafuta acid amides salts, ndi mafuta acid polyethers. Mwachitsanzo, mafuta acids osinthidwa okhala ndi ma blocks omwe adapangidwa ndi BYK mu 1920-1930, omwe adathiridwa mchere ndi ma amine atali kuti apange Anti-Terra U. Palinso BYK's P104/104S yokhala ndi magulu apamwamba ogwira ntchito kutengera DA addition reaction. BESM® 9116 yochokera ku Shierli ndi deflocculating dispersant komanso dispersant yokhazikika mumakampani opanga putty. Ili ndi wettability yabwino, anti-settleting properties komanso kukhazikika kwa kusungira. Ithanso kukonza anti-corrosion properties ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu anti-corrosion primers. BESM® 9104/9104S ndi dispersant yoyendetsedwa bwino yokhala ndi magulu angapo omangira. Imatha kupanga kapangidwe ka netiweki ikafalikira, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakulamulira sedimentation ya pigment ndi mtundu woyandama. Popeza zinthu zopangira mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta sizidaliranso zinthu zopangira petrochemical, zimatha kubwezeretsedwanso.

(2) Ma polima a organic phosphoric acid ester. Mtundu uwu wa dispersant uli ndi mphamvu yolumikizira mitundu yonse ya inorganic pigment. Mwachitsanzo, BYK 110/180/111 ndi BESM® 9110/9108/9101 ochokera ku Shierli ndi dispersant zabwino kwambiri zofalitsira titanium dioxide ndi inorganic pigments, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri kukhuthala, kupanga mtundu ndi magwiridwe antchito osungira. Kuphatikiza apo, BYK 103 ndi BESM® 9103 ochokera ku Shierli onse akuwonetsa ubwino wabwino kwambiri wochepetsa kukhuthala komanso kukhazikika kosungira akamafalitsa matte slurries.

(3) Ma polyether a aliphatic osakhala a ionic ndi ma alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether. Kulemera kwa mamolekyu a mtundu uwu wa dispersant nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepera 2000 g/mol, ndipo kumayang'ana kwambiri kufalikira kwa ma pigment ndi ma fillers osapangidwa. Amatha kuthandiza kunyowetsa ma pigment panthawi yopukutira, kumamatira bwino pamwamba pa ma pigment osapangidwa komanso kuletsa kupangika kwa ma pigment ndi mvula, komanso amatha kuwongolera kusuntha ndikuletsa mitundu yoyandama. Komabe, chifukwa cha kulemera kochepa kwa mamolekyu, sangathe kupereka choletsa chogwira ntchito bwino cha steric, komanso sangawongolere kuwala ndi kuonekera bwino kwa filimu ya utoto. Magulu olumikizira ma ionic sangamamatidwe pamwamba pa ma pigment osapangidwa.

Zotulutsa zolemera kwambiri za molekyulu
Mu 1970, utoto wachilengedwe unayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka. Mitundu ya phthalocyanine ya ICI, mitundu ya quinacridone ya DuPont, mitundu ya azo condensation ya CIBA, mitundu ya benzimidazolone ya Clariant, ndi zina zotero zonse zinayamba kugulitsidwa m'mafakitale ndipo zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za m'ma 1970. Mitundu yoyambirira yonyowetsa ndi kufalitsa zinthu sinathe kukhazikika mitundu iyi, ndipo mitundu yatsopano yotulutsa zinthu zolemera kwambiri inayamba kupangidwa.

Mtundu uwu wa dispersant uli ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyulu a 5000-25000 g/mol, ndi magulu ambiri omangira pigment pa molekyulu. Unyolo waukulu wa polymer umapereka mgwirizano waukulu, ndipo unyolo wothira mbali wosungunuka umapereka chopinga cha steric, kotero kuti tinthu ta pigment timakhala tosasinthika komanso tokhazikika. Dispersant yolemera kwambiri ya mamolekyulu imatha kukhazikika mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya pigment ndikuthetsa mavuto monga mtundu woyandama ndi woyandama, makamaka pa utoto wachilengedwe ndi wakuda wa kaboni wokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso kusasinthasintha kosavuta. Dispersant yolemera kwambiri ya mamolekyulu onse ndi dispersant yotulutsa flocculant yokhala ndi magulu angapo omangira pigment pa unyolo wa mamolekyulu, zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kukhuthala kwa utoto wa utoto, kukulitsa mphamvu ya utoto, kunyezimira ndi kuwala, ndikuwonjezera kuwonekera bwino kwa utoto wowonekera. Mu machitidwe opangidwa ndi madzi, dispersant yolemera kwambiri ya mamolekyulu imakhala ndi kukana bwino kwa madzi ndi kukana kwa saponification. Zachidziwikire, dispersant yolemera kwambiri ya mamolekyulu ingakhalenso ndi zotsatirapo zina, zomwe makamaka zimachokera ku amine ya dispersant. Mtengo wapamwamba wa amine udzatsogolera ku kuchuluka kwa kukhuthala kwa machitidwe a epoxy panthawi yosungira; kuchepetsa nthawi yogwirira ntchito kwa polyurethanes ya zigawo ziwiri (pogwiritsa ntchito aromatic isocyanates); kuchepa kwa reactivity ya machitidwe ochiritsa acid; ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya catalytic ya cobalt catalysts mu alkyds zouma mpweya.

Kuchokera pamalingaliro a kapangidwe ka mankhwala, mtundu uwu wa dispersant umagawidwa m'magulu atatu:

(1) Zosakaniza za polyurethane zolemera kwambiri, zomwe ndi zosakaniza za polyurethane. Mwachitsanzo, BYK 160/161/163/164, BESM® 9160/9161/9163/9164, EFKA 4060/4061/4063, ndi mbadwo waposachedwa wa zosakaniza za polyurethane BYK 2155 ndi BESM® 9248. Mtundu uwu wa zosakaniza unayamba kale kwambiri ndipo uli ndi omvera ambiri. Uli ndi mphamvu zabwino zochepetsera kukhuthala ndi kupanga mitundu ya utoto wa organic ndi carbon black, ndipo nthawi ina unakhala wosakaniza wamba wa utoto wa organic. Mbadwo waposachedwa wa zosakaniza za polyurethane wasintha kwambiri mphamvu zonse zochepetsera kukhuthala ndi kupanga mitundu. BYK 170 ndi BESM® 9107 ndizoyenera kwambiri machitidwe opangidwa ndi asidi. Chosakanizacho chilibe mphamvu ya amine, zomwe zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kusonkhana panthawi yosungira utoto ndipo sizikhudza kuuma kwa utoto.

(2) Zosakaniza za Polyacrylate. Zosakaniza izi, monga BYK 190 ndi BESM® 9003, zakhala zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zinthu zochokera m'madzi.

(3) Zosakaniza za polymer zokhala ndi nthambi zambiri. Zosakaniza za polymer zokhala ndi nthambi zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Lubrizol 24000 ndi BESM® 9240, zomwe ndi amides + imides zochokera ku ma polyester a unyolo wautali. Zogulitsa ziwirizi ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi patent zomwe zimadalira kwambiri msana wa polyester kuti zikhazikitse utoto. Kutha kwawo kuthana ndi carbon black kukadali kwabwino kwambiri. Komabe, polyester imasungunuka kutentha kochepa ndipo imagweranso mu utoto womalizidwa. Vutoli limatanthauza kuti 24000 ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu inki zokha. Kupatula apo, imatha kuwonetsa chitukuko chabwino kwambiri cha utoto ndi kukhazikika ikagwiritsidwa ntchito kufalitsa carbon black mumakampani opanga inki. Pofuna kukonza magwiridwe antchito a crystallization, Lubrizol 32500 ndi BESM® 9245 zinawonekera motsatizana. Poyerekeza ndi magulu awiri oyamba, zosakaniza za polymer zokhala ndi nthambi zambiri zimakhala ndi kapangidwe ka molekyulu yozungulira komanso magulu ogwirizana kwambiri a pigment, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kukula kwabwino kwa utoto komanso magwiridwe antchito amphamvu ochepetsa kukhuthala. Kugwirizana kwa ma polyurethane dispersants kumatha kusinthidwa pamitundu yosiyanasiyana, makamaka kuphatikiza ma alkyd resin onse kuyambira mafuta aatali mpaka mafuta afupi, ma polyester resin onse okhuta, ndi ma hydroxyl acrylic resin, ndipo kumatha kukhazikika kwa carbon blacks ambiri ndi organic pigments amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Popeza pakadali mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana pakati pa kulemera kwa ma molekyulu 6000-15000, makasitomala ayenera kufufuza kuti aone ngati akugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zawonjezeredwa.

Zofalitsa za polymerization zaulere zoyendetsedwa bwino
Pambuyo pa 1990, kufunika kwa msika kwa kufalikira kwa utoto kunakula kwambiri ndipo panali kupita patsogolo muukadaulo wopangira ma polymer, ndipo mbadwo waposachedwa wa ma dispersants owongolera a free radical polymerization unapangidwa.

Kupoletsa kwaulere kosalekeza (CFRP) kolamulidwa kuli ndi kapangidwe koyenera, komwe kuli gulu lomangirira kumapeto kwa polima ndi gawo losungunuka kumapeto kwina. CFRP imagwiritsa ntchito ma monomers omwewo monga momwe zimakhalira ndi polima wamba, koma chifukwa ma monomers amakonzedwa pafupipafupi pamagulu a mamolekyulu ndipo kugawa kwa kulemera kwa mamolekyulu kumakhala kofanana, magwiridwe antchito a polima wosanganiza wopangidwa ali ndi kukwera kwakukulu. Gulu lolumikiza bwinoli limathandizira kwambiri mphamvu yotsutsana ndi flocculation ya dispersant ndi kukula kwa utoto wa pigment. Gawo losanganiza lolondola limapatsa dispersant kukhuthala kochepa kwa utoto wa phala komanso kuwonjezera pigment yambiri, ndipo dispersant imagwirizana kwambiri ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za resin base.

Kupanga zinthu zothira utoto zamakono kwakhalapo kwa zaka zosakwana 100. Pali mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zothira utoto zosiyanasiyana zomwe zilipo pamsika. Gwero lalikulu la zinthu zopangira utoto ndi zinthu zopangira petrochemical. Kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangira zinthu zongowonjezedwanso mu zinthu zothira utoto ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopititsira patsogolo chitukuko. Kuchokera pakupanga zinthu zothira utoto, zinthu zothira utoto zikukhala zogwira mtima kwambiri. Kaya ndi mphamvu yochepetsera kukhuthala kapena kukula kwa utoto ndi luso lina likukula nthawi imodzi, njirayi ipitiliza mtsogolo.

Nanjing Reborn New Materials imaperekachonyowetsa utoto ndi zokutira, kuphatikizapo zina zomwe zimagwirizana ndi Disperbyk.