In tuhinga whakamutunga, i whakaurua mai e mātou te putanga mai o ngā kaiwhakamarara, ētahi tikanga me ngā mahi a ngā kaiwhakamarara. I roto i tēnei kōrero, ka tūhuratia e mātou ngā momo kaiwhakamarara i ngā wā rerekē me te hītori whanaketanga o ngā kaiwhakamarara.

Māngai whakamakuku me te horapa iti-ngota tuku iho
Ko te matū whakawātea tuatahi ko te tote triethanolamine o te waikawa ngako, i whakarewaina ki te mākete tata ki te 100 tau ki muri. He tino whai hua, he ohanga hoki tēnei matū whakawātea mō ngā tono peita ahumahi whānui. Ehara i te mea kāore e taea te whakamahi, ā, kāore i kino tōna mahi tuatahi i roto i te pūnaha hinu alkyd reo-waenga.

I ngā tau 1940 ki te 1970, ko ngā tae i whakamahia i roto i te umanga paninga he tae kore-waro me ētahi tae waro he māmā ake te whakamarara. Ko ngā mea whakamarara i tēnei wā he matū rite ki ngā surfactants, me te rōpū punga tae i tetahi pito me te wāhanga hototahi ki te kapia i tetahi pito. Kotahi anake te pūwāhi punga tae o te nuinga o ngā ngota.

Mai i te tirohanga hanganga, ka taea te wehewehe i a rātou ki ngā momo e toru:

(1) ngā matū waikawa ngako, tae atu ki ngā amide waikawa ngako, ngā tote amide waikawa ngako, me ngā polyether waikawa ngako. Hei tauira, ko ngā waikawa ngako kua whakarerekētia me ngā poraka i whakawhanakehia e BYK i te tau 1920-1930, i totea ki ngā amine mekameka roa hei whiwhi i te Anti-Terra U. Kei reira anō hoki te P104/104S a BYK me ngā rōpū mutunga mahi teitei i runga i te tauhohenga tāpiri DA. Ko te BESM® 9116 mai i Shierli he kaiwhakamarara tango i te waikura me te kaiwhakamarara paerewa i roto i te umanga putty. He pai te makuku, ngā āhuatanga ārai-taunga me te pumau rokiroki. Ka taea hoki e ia te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga ārai-waikura, ā, he whānui te whakamahinga i roto i ngā primers ārai-waikura. Ko te BESM® 9104/9104S he kaiwhakamarara flocculation whakahaeretia me ngā rōpū punga maha. Ka taea e ia te hanga i tētahi hanganga whatunga ina marara, he tino āwhina ki te whakahaere i te whakatōnga tae me te tae mānu. Nā te mea kāore e whakawhirinaki ana ngā rauemi mata o te whakarewa waikawa ngako ki ngā rauemi mata o te hinu-matū, ka taea te whakahou ake.

(2) Ngā pūmua ester waikawa phosphoric waro. He kaha pumau whānui tēnei momo whakamarara mō ngā tae kore-waro. Hei tauira, he pai rawa ngā whakamarara a BYK 110/180/111 me BESM® 9110/9108/9101 mai i Shierli mō te whakamarara i te hauhā titanium me ngā tae kore-waro, me te whakaiti i te matotoru, te whanaketanga tae me te mahi rokiroki tino pai. Hei tāpiri, e whakaatu ana a BYK 103 me BESM® 9103 mai i Shierli i ngā painga whakaiti matotoru me te pumau rokiroki pai rawa atu i te whakamarara i ngā paru matte.

(3) Ngā polyether aliphatic kore-ionic me ngā alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ethers. Ko te taumaha ngota o tēnei momo whakamarara he iti iho i te 2000 g/mol, ā, e aro nui ana ki te whakamararatanga o ngā tae kore-waro me ngā whakakī. Ka taea e rātou te āwhina ki te whakamakuku i ngā tae i te wā e huri ana, ka piri pai ki te mata o ngā tae kore-waro me te aukati i te paparanga me te maturuturu o ngā tae, ā, ka taea te whakahaere i te flocculation me te aukati i ngā tae e mānu ana. Heoi, nā te iti o te taumaha ngota, kāore e taea e rātou te whakarato i te aukati steric whai hua, kāore hoki e taea te whakapai ake i te kanapa me te motuhake o te kiriata peita. Kāore e taea te piri ngā rōpū punga ionic ki te mata o ngā tae waro.

Ngā kaiwhakamarara taumaha ngota teitei
I te tau 1970, ka tīmata te whakamahi i ngā tae waro i roto i ngā rahinga nui. Ko ngā tae phthalocyanine a ICI, ko ngā tae quinacridone a DuPont, ko ngā tae azo condensation a CIBA, ko ngā tae benzimidazolone a Clariant, me ētahi atu, i ahu mai i te ahumahi, ā, i uru atu ki te mākete i te tekau tau atu i 1970. Kāore i taea e ngā kaihoko whakamakuku me te whakamarara taumaha ngota iti taketake te whakau i ēnei tae, ā, ka tīmata te whakawhanake i ngā wai whakamarara taumaha ngota teitei hou.

Ko te taumaha ngota o tēnei momo whakarewa he 5000-25000 g/mol, me te maha o ngā rōpū punga tae i runga i te ngota. Ka whakaratohia e te mekameka matua polymer he hototahi whānui, ā, ka whakaratohia e te mekameka taha whakarewa he aukati steric, kia tino noho ngā matūriki tae i roto i te āhua wetewete me te pumau. Ka taea e ngā whakarewa taumaha ngota teitei te whakau i ngā momo tae me te whakaoti rapanga pēnei i te tae mānu me te mānu, inā koa mō ngā tae waro me te pango waro he iti te rahi o te matūriki me te ngawari o te rere. Ko ngā whakarewa taumaha ngota teitei he whakarewa wetewete katoa me ngā rōpū punga tae maha i runga i te mekameka ngota, ka taea te whakaiti i te matotoru o te whakapiri tae, te whakapai ake i te kaha tae tae, te kanapa peita me te kanapa, me te whakapai ake i te mārama o ngā tae mārama. I roto i ngā pūnaha wai-pūnaha, he pai te ātete wai me te ātete saponification o ngā whakarewa taumaha ngota teitei. Ko te tikanga, tera pea he pānga taha o ngā whakarewa taumaha ngota teitei, e ahu mai ana i te uara amine o te whakarewa. Ka arahi te uara amine teitei ki te pikinga o te matotoru o ngā pūnaha epoxy i te wā rokiroki; te whakaiti i te wā whakahohenga o ngā polyurethane wāhanga-rua (mā te whakamahi i ngā isocyanate kakara); te whakaiti i te tauhohenga o ngā pūnaha whakaora waikawa; me te ngoikore o te pānga whakateretere o ngā whakateretere cobalt i roto i ngā alkyd whakamaroke-hau.

Mai i te tirohanga o te hanganga matū, e toru ngā wāhanga matua o tēnei momo whakamarara:

(1) Ngā kaiwhakarewa polyurethane taumaha-irahiko teitei, he kaiwhakarewa polyurethane noa iho. Hei tauira, ko BYK 160/161/163/164, BESM® 9160/9161/9163/9164, EFKA 4060/4061/4063, me te whakatupuranga hou o ngā kaiwhakarewa polyurethane BYK 2155 me BESM® 9248. I puta wawe mai tēnei momo kaiwhakarewa, ā, he whānui te hunga e whakamahi ana. He pai ōna āhuatanga whakaiti matotoru me te whanaketanga tae mō ngā tae waro me te pango waro, ā, i mua koia te kaiwhakarewa paerewa mō ngā tae waro. Kua tino whakapai ake te whakatupuranga hou o ngā kaiwhakarewa polyurethane i ngā āhuatanga whakaiti matotoru me te whanaketanga tae. He pai ake te BYK 170 me te BESM® 9107 mō ngā pūnaha waikawa-whakakorikori. Kāore he uara amine o te kaiwhakarewa, e whakaiti ana i te mōrearea o te kohikohinga i te wā e rongoa ana te peita, ā, kāore e pā ki te maroke o te peita.

(2) Ngā kaiwhakarewa polyacrylate. Ko ēnei kaiwhakarewa, pērā i te BYK 190 me te BESM® 9003, kua noho hei kaiwhakarewa paerewa whānui mō ngā paninga wai.

(3) Ngā kaiwhakamarara polymer peka-rahi. Ko ngā kaiwhakamarara hyperbranched e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko Lubrizol 24000 me BESM® 9240, he amides + imides i ahu mai i ngā polyesters mekameka-roa. He hua patent ēnei hua e rua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tuara polyester hei whakau i ngā tae. He tino pai tonu tō rātou kaha ki te whakahaere i te pango waro. Heoi, ka tioata te polyester i ngā pāmahana iti, ā, ka tau hoki ki roto i te peita kua oti. Ko te tikanga o tēnei raruraru ka taea anake te whakamahi i te 24000 i roto i ngā waituhi. Heoi anō, ka taea e ia te whakaatu i te whanaketanga tae tino pai me te pumau ina whakamahia hei whakamarara i te pango waro i roto i te umanga waituhi. Hei whakapai ake i te mahi tioata, i puta mai a Lubrizol 32500 me BESM® 9245 tetahi i muri i tetahi. Ki te whakataurite ki ngā wāhanga tuatahi e rua, he hanganga ngota porowhita ngā kaiwhakamarara polymer peka-rahi me ngā rōpū hononga tae tino kukū, he maha ngā wā he whanaketanga tae tino pai me te mahi whakaiti matotoru kaha ake. Ka taea te whakarerekē i te hototahitanga o ngā mea whakamarara polyurethane ki te whānuitanga o ngā momo, e kapi ana i ngā kapia alkyd katoa mai i te hinu roa ki te hinu poto, ngā kapia polyester kua kōtui katoa, me ngā kapia kiriaku hydroxyl, ā, ka taea te whakau i te nuinga o ngā pango waro me ngā tae waro o ngā hanganga rerekē. Nā te mea he maha tonu ngā momo rerekē i waenga i te 6000-15000 taumaha ngota, me tirotiro e ngā kaihoko te hototahitanga me te nui o te tāpiri.

Ngā kaiwhakamarara polymerization rauropi kore utu ka taea te whakahaere
I muri i te tau 1990, i piki ake te hiahia o te mākete mō te horapa o ngā tae, ā, i puta ngā whanaketanga hou i roto i te hangarau hanga pūmua, ā, i whakawhanakehia te whakatupuranga hou o ngā kaiwhakahora pūmua rauropi kore utu e whakahaeretia ana.

He hanganga tino tika te hoahoa o te whakapūhui rauropi kore utu whakahaere (CFRP), me te rōpū punga i tetahi pito o te pūhui me te wāhanga whakarewa i tetahi pito. Ka whakamahia e te CFRP ngā monomer rite tonu ki te whakapūhui tikanga, engari nā te mea he rite ake te whakaritenga o ngā monomer ki ngā wāhanga ngota, ā, he ōrite ake te tohatoha taumaha ngota, he pikinga kounga te mahi a te kaiwhakamarara polymer kua hangaia. Ka tino whakapai ake tēnei rōpū punga whai hua i te kaha ārai-rere o te kaiwhakamarara me te whanaketanga tae o te tae. Ka hoatu e te wāhanga whakarewa tika he matotoru huri tae iti ki te kaiwhakamarara me te tāpiri tae teitei, ā, he whānui te hototahi o te kaiwhakamarara ki ngā rauemi turanga kapia rerekē.

Neke atu i te 100 tau te roa o te whanaketanga o ngā whakarewa paninga hou. He maha ngā momo whakarewa mō ngā tae me ngā pūnaha rerekē kei te mākete. Ko te pūtake matua o ngā rauemi mata whakarewa ko ngā rauemi mata hinu-matū tonu. He huarahi whanaketanga tino whai hua te whakanui ake i te ōwehenga o ngā rauemi mata whakahou i roto i ngā whakarewa. Mai i te tukanga whanaketanga o ngā whakarewa, kei te piki haere te whai huatanga o ngā whakarewa. Ahakoa ko te kaha ki te whakaiti i te matotoru, ko te whanaketanga tae rānei me ētahi atu kaha kei te whakapai ake i te wā kotahi, ka haere tonu tēnei tukanga a meake nei.

Ka whakaratohia e Nanjing Reborn New Materialskaihopu whakamarara mākū mō ngā peita me te paninga, tae atu ki ētahi e ōrite ana ki a Disperbyk.