I. Nā Huaʻōlelo a me nā Wehewehena

Loaʻa i ka lā ka nui o ke kukui ultraviolet (UV), me nā nalu o kahi 290-460 nm, he mea ʻino ia i nā mea kala. Hoʻoulu kēia kukui UV ʻino i nā molekala kala e pala a mae ma o kahi hopena redox kemika. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomoʻa UV hiki ke pale a hōʻemi paha i nā hopena hōʻino o ka radiation UV ma nā mea i pale ʻia.

ʻO ka mea hoʻomoʻa UV kahi mea hoʻopaʻa kukui e omo i ka ʻāpana UV o ka lā a me nā kumu kukui fluorescent me ka ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana iā ia iho. Ma lalo o ka lā a me ka fluorescence, hana nā plastics a me nā polymers ʻē aʻe i nā hopena auto-oxidation ma muli o ka hana o ka radiation UV, e alakaʻi ana i ka hōʻino ʻana o ka polymer a me ka palaho, e hopena ana i ka helehelena maikaʻi ʻole a me nā waiwai mechanical. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻomoʻa UV e omo koho i kēia radiation UV ikehu kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻololi ana iā ia i ikehu ʻino ʻole e hoʻokuʻu ʻia a hoʻopau ʻia paha. No ka mea, he ʻokoʻa nā nalu UV o nā polymers like ʻole e hoʻoulu ai i ka hōʻino ʻana, omo nā mea hoʻomoʻa UV like ʻole i nā nalu UV like ʻole. No laila, pono e koho ʻia ka mea hoʻomoʻa UV kūpono ma muli o ke ʻano o ka polymer i hoʻohana ʻia.

II. Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me nā Hana o nā mea hoʻomoʻa Ultraviolet

Pono nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ultraviolet e hoʻokō i nā kūlana i lalo:

① Hiki iā ia ke omo ikaika i nā kukuna ultraviolet (ʻoi aku hoʻi nā kukuna ultraviolet me nā nalu o 290 ~ 400nm); ② He kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi kona a ʻaʻole e loli ma muli o ka wela ʻoiai i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka haʻalulu wela; ③ He kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi kona a ʻaʻole e pane maikaʻi ʻole me nā ʻāpana mea i loko o ka huahana; ④ He maikaʻi ka miscibility a hiki ke hoʻopuehu like ʻia i loko o ka mea me ka ʻole o ka pua a i ʻole ka seepage; ⑤ He kūpaʻa photochemical maikaʻi ka mea omo ponoʻī, ʻaʻole e pala, a ʻaʻole hoʻololi i ke kala; ⑥ He kala ʻole, ʻaʻohe ʻawaʻawa, a ʻaʻohe ala; ⑦ Hiki ke holoi ʻia; ⑧ He kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa a loaʻa koke.

ʻO nā mea hoʻomoʻa UV Benzotriazole ka ʻano i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma Kina i kēia manawa, akā hōʻike nā mea hoʻomoʻa UV triazine i ka hana maikaʻi loa ma mua o nā benzotriazoles. Loaʻa i nā mea hoʻomoʻa Triazine nā waiwai hoʻomoʻa UV maikaʻi loa, me nā pono ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohana nui ʻia ai i nā polymers. Hōʻike lākou i ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi loa, ke kūpaʻa hana maikaʻi, a me ke kūpaʻa waikawa. I nā noi hana, hōʻike nā mea hoʻomoʻa UV triazine i kahi hopena synergistic ikaika me nā mea hoʻopaʻa māmā amine i pale ʻia; ke hoʻohana pū ʻia, hoʻopuka lākou i nā hopena maikaʻi aʻe ma mua o ka hoʻohana pākahi ʻia.

III. He nui nā mea hoʻomohu ultraviolet maʻamau

(1) Nā huahana hopena o ka o-nitroaniline a me ka p-cresol

ʻIke ʻia ia he mau kristal melemele ʻole a melemele paha. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik he nui e like me ka gasoline, benzene, a me ka acetone. He haʻahaʻa loa kona solubility i ka wai a ʻaʻole i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā alkalis a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​waikawa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hiki iā ia ke hana me nā ion metala kaumaha e hana i nā paʻakai. Hiki iā ia ke omo i ka mālamalama ultraviolet me nā nalu o 270-280 nm. ʻO kona kiko heheʻe he 130-131 ℃.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā resins e like me ka polyester, chlorinated polyester, cellulose acetate, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, plexiglass, a me polyacrylonitrile. Hōʻike ia i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi aʻe i nā huahana moakaka ma mua o nā huahana kala. ʻO ka dosage i nā huahana i hoʻopau ʻia he ≤0.5%.

(2) 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (UV-9)

He pauka kristal melemele a keʻokeʻo paha. Density 1.324 g/cm³. Heheʻe kiko 62-66℃. He paila kiko 150-160℃ (0.67 kPa), 220℃ (2.4 kPa). Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik e like me ka acetone, ketones, benzene, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, a me ka ethanol; ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. Penei ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (g/100g, 25℃) i loko o kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe: benzene 56.2, n-hexane 4.3, ethanol (95%) 5.8, carbon tetrachloride 34.5, styrene 51.2, DOP 18.7.

Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopūʻiwa UV, kūpono ia no nā ʻano plastik like ʻole e like me ka polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, unsaturated polyester, ABS resin, a me ka cellulose resin. ʻO ka laulā nalu omo kiʻekiʻe loa he 280 ~ 340nm, a ʻo ka dosage maʻamau he 0.1% ~ 1.5%. Loaʻa iā ia ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi a ʻaʻole e pala ma 200 ℃. ʻAneʻane ʻaʻole omo kēia huahana i ka mālamalama ʻike ʻia, e kūpono ai no nā huahana māmā a moakaka. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā pena a me ka rubber synthetic.

(3) 2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenone (UV-531)

Pauka kristal melemele māmā a keʻokeʻo paha. Ka nui o ka ʻike 1.160 g/cm³ (25℃). Hehi 48~49℃. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka acetone, benzene, ethanol, a me ka isopropanol; hoʻoheheʻe iki ʻia i loko o ka dichloroethane; ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (g/100g, 25℃) i loko o kekahi mau mea hoʻoheheʻe: acetone 74, benzene 72, methanol 2, ethanol (95%) 2.6, n-heptane 40, n-hexane 40.1, wai 0.5.

Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopūʻiwa UV, hoʻopūʻiwa ikaika ia i ka mālamalama ultraviolet me nā nalu o 270-330 nm. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano plastik like ʻole, ʻoiai ka polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, ABS resin, polycarbonate, a me ka polyvinyl chloride. Loaʻa iā ia ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi me nā resins a me ka volatility haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka dosage maʻamau he 0.1% a 1%. Loaʻa iā ia kahi hopena synergistic maikaʻi ke hoʻohana ʻia me kahi liʻiliʻi o 4,4-thiobis (6-tert-butyl-p-cresol). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia huahana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa kukui i nā uhi like ʻole.

(4) ʻO 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-tert-phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole (UV-327) he mea hoʻomoʻa UV me nā waiwai like a hoʻohana ʻia me benzotriazole UV-326. Hoʻomoʻa ikaika ia i ka mālamalama ultraviolet me nā nalu o 270 ~ 380nm, he kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi, a haʻahaʻa loa ka volatility. Loaʻa iā ia ka launa maikaʻi me nā polyolefins. He kūpono loa ia no ka polyethylene a me ka polypropylene. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka polyvinyl chloride, polymethyl methacrylate, polyoxymethylene, polyurethane, unsaturated polyester, ABS resin, epoxy resin, cellulose resin, etc. Loaʻa i kēia huahana ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka sublimation wela, hiki ke holoi ʻia, ke kūpaʻa i ka mae ʻana o ke kinoea, a me ka paʻa ʻana o nā waiwai mechanical. Loaʻa iā ia kahi hopena synergistic koʻikoʻi i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia me nā antioxidants. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻa thermo-oxidative o nā huahana.

(5) He pauka kristal keʻokeʻo ka Resorcinol monobenzoate. He kiko heheʻe 132 ~ 135 ℃. ʻO ka nui o ka nui he 0.68 g/cm³ (20%). Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka acetone a me ka ethanol, hoʻoheheʻe iki ʻia i loko o ka benzene, ka wai, n-heptane, a pēlā aku. Ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa kukui UV, ua like kona hana me nā mea hoʻopaʻa kukui i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka benzophenone. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i loko o ka polyvinyl chloride, cellulose resin, a me ka polystyrene, maʻamau ma kahi dosage o 1% a 2%.