In labarin ƙarshe, mun gabatar da bayyanar masu rarrabawa, wasu hanyoyi da ayyukan masu rarrabawa. A cikin wannan nassi, za mu binciki nau'ikan masu rarrabawa a cikin lokaci daban-daban tare da tarihin ci gaban masu rarrabawa.

Wakili mai ƙarancin nauyin kwayoyin halitta na gargajiya da kuma rarrabawa
Na'urar watsawa ta farko ita ce gishirin triethanolamine na fatty acid, wanda aka ƙaddamar a kasuwa kimanin shekaru 100 da suka gabata. Wannan na'urar watsawa tana da inganci sosai kuma tana da araha a aikace-aikacen fenti na masana'antu gabaɗaya. Ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da ita ba, kuma aikinta na farko a cikin tsarin alkyd mai matsakaici ba shi da kyau.

A shekarun 1940 zuwa 1970, launukan da ake amfani da su a masana'antar shafa fenti sune launuka marasa tsari da kuma wasu launukan halitta waɗanda suka fi sauƙin warwatsewa. Masu warwatse a wannan lokacin abubuwa ne masu kama da surfactants, tare da rukunin masu ɗaure launi a gefe ɗaya da kuma ɓangaren da ya dace da resin a ɗayan ƙarshen. Yawancin ƙwayoyin halitta suna da wurin ɗaure launi ɗaya kawai.

Daga mahangar tsarin, za a iya raba su zuwa rukuni uku:

(1) abubuwan da aka samo daga fatty acid, gami da fatty acid amides, fatty acid amide salts, da fatty acid polyethers. Misali, gyaggyaran fatty acids tare da tubalan da BYK ya samar a 1920-1930, waɗanda aka yi musu gishiri da dogon sarkar amine don samun Anti-Terra U. Akwai kuma BYK's P104/104S tare da manyan ƙungiyoyin ƙarshe masu aiki bisa ga DA ƙarin amsawa. BESM® 9116 daga Shierli wani abu ne mai narkewar ruwa kuma mai watsawa na yau da kullun a masana'antar putty. Yana da kyawawan juriyar ruwa, kaddarorin hana daidaitawa da kwanciyar hankali na ajiya. Hakanan yana iya inganta halayen hana lalata kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin firam ɗin hana lalata. BESM® 9104/9104S kuma shine na yau da kullun mai watsawa na flocculation tare da ƙungiyoyi da yawa masu ɗaurewa. Yana iya samar da tsarin hanyar sadarwa lokacin da aka warwatse, wanda yake da matukar taimako wajen sarrafa lalata launi da launin iyo. Tunda kayan albarkatun mai na mai ba su dogara da albarkatun mai na petrochemical ba, ana iya sabunta su.

(2) Polymers na Organic phosphoric acid ester. Wannan nau'in mai watsawa yana da ikon ɗaurewa gaba ɗaya ga launuka marasa tsari. Misali, BYK 110/180/111 da BESM® 9110/9108/9101 daga Shierli kyawawan masu watsawa ne don watsa titanium dioxide da launuka marasa tsari, tare da raguwar danko sosai, haɓaka launi da aikin ajiya. Bugu da ƙari, BYK 103 da BESM® 9103 daga Shierli duka suna nuna fa'idodi masu kyau na rage danko da kwanciyar hankali na ajiya lokacin watsa matte slurries.

(3) Polyethers na aliphatic marasa ionic da alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ethers. Nauyin kwayoyin halitta na wannan nau'in mai rarrabawa gabaɗaya bai wuce 2000 g/mol ba, kuma yana mai da hankali kan watsawar launukan inorganic da abubuwan cikawa. Suna iya taimakawa wajen jika launuka yayin niƙa, suna shaƙa su yadda ya kamata a saman launukan inorganic da hana rarrabuwa da hazo na launukan, kuma suna iya sarrafa flocculation da hana launukan iyo. Duk da haka, saboda ƙaramin nauyin kwayoyin halitta, ba za su iya samar da ingantaccen cikas na steric ba, kuma ba za su iya inganta sheƙi da rarrabewar fim ɗin fenti ba. Ƙungiyoyin anga ionic ba za a iya shaƙa su a saman launukan organic ba.

Masu rarraba nauyin kwayoyin halitta masu yawa
A shekarar 1970, an fara amfani da launukan halitta da yawa. Alamun phthalocyanine na ICI, alamun quinacridone na DuPont, alamun azo condensation na CIBA, alamun benzimidazolone na Clariant, da sauransu duk an haɓaka su a masana'antu kuma sun shiga kasuwa a shekarun 1970. Asalin sinadaran jika da wargazawa marasa nauyi na ƙwayoyin halitta ba za su iya daidaita waɗannan alamun ba, kuma an fara haɓaka sabbin masu wargaza nauyi na ƙwayoyin halitta masu girma.

Wannan nau'in mai rarrabawa yana da nauyin kwayoyin halitta na 5000-25000 g/mol, tare da adadi mai yawa na ƙungiyoyin mai haɗa pigment a kan kwayar. Babban sarkar polymer yana ba da jituwa mai faɗi, kuma sarkar gefe da aka warware tana ba da cikas ga sitaci, ta yadda ƙwayoyin pigment ɗin suke cikin yanayin da ba ya bushewa da kwanciyar hankali. Masu rarrabawa masu nauyin kwayoyin halitta masu yawa na iya daidaita pigments daban-daban kuma su magance matsaloli gaba ɗaya kamar launin iyo da iyo, musamman ga pigments na halitta da carbon black tare da ƙaramin girman barbashi da sauƙin flocculation. Masu rarrabawa masu nauyin kwayoyin halitta masu yawa duk masu rarrabawa masu rarrabawa ne masu rarrabawa tare da ƙungiyoyin mai haɗa pigment da yawa akan sarkar kwayoyin halitta, wanda zai iya rage danko na manna launi sosai, inganta ƙarfin launin launi, sheƙi da haske, da inganta bayyana launuka masu haske. A cikin tsarin ruwa, masu rarrabawa masu nauyin kwayoyin halitta masu yawa suna da kyakkyawan juriya ga ruwa da juriya ga saponification. Tabbas, masu rarrabawa masu nauyin kwayoyin halitta masu yawa kuma suna iya samun wasu illa, waɗanda galibi suna fitowa ne daga ƙimar amine na mai rarrabawa. Babban darajar amine zai haifar da ƙaruwar danko na tsarin epoxy yayin ajiya; rage lokacin kunnawa na polyurethanes masu sassa biyu (ta amfani da isocyanates masu ƙanshi); rage amsawar tsarin warkar da acid; da kuma rage tasirin catalytic na cobalt catalysts a cikin alkyds masu busar da iska.

Daga mahangar tsarin sinadarai, wannan nau'in mai rarrabawa galibi an raba shi zuwa rukuni uku:

(1) Masu rarraba polyurethane masu nauyin kwayoyin halitta, waɗanda sune masu rarraba polyurethane na yau da kullun. Misali, BYK 160/161/163/164, BESM® 9160/9161/9163/9164, EFKA 4060/4061/4063, da kuma sabon ƙarni na masu rarraba polyurethane BYK 2155 da BESM® 9248. Wannan nau'in mai rarrabawa ya bayyana da wuri kuma yana da masu sauraro da yawa. Yana da kyawawan rage danko da halayen haɓaka launi ga launukan halitta da baƙin carbon, kuma ya taɓa zama mai rarrabawa na yau da kullun ga launukan halitta. Sabon ƙarni na masu rarraba polyurethane ya inganta sosai rage danko da halayen haɓaka launi. BYK 170 da BESM® 9107 sun fi dacewa da tsarin da aka yi wa acid catalyzed. Mai rarrabawa ba shi da ƙimar amine, wanda ke rage haɗarin haɗuwa yayin adana fenti kuma baya shafar bushewar fenti.

(2) Masu rarraba polyacrylate. Waɗannan masu rarrabawa, kamar BYK 190 da BESM® 9003, sun zama masu rarrabawa na yau da kullun don shafa ruwa.

(3) Masu rarraba polymer masu rarrabawa. Mafi yawan masu rarraba polymer masu rarrabawa sune Lubrizol 24000 da BESM® 9240, waɗanda amides + imides ne bisa ga polyester masu tsayi. Waɗannan samfuran guda biyu samfuran mallaka ne waɗanda galibi suka dogara da kashin bayan polyester don daidaita launuka. Ikonsu na iya sarrafa baƙin carbon har yanzu yana da kyau. Duk da haka, polyester zai yi lu'ulu'u a yanayin zafi kaɗan kuma zai zube a cikin fenti da aka gama. Wannan matsalar tana nufin cewa ana iya amfani da 24000 ne kawai a cikin tawada. Bayan haka, yana iya nuna kyakkyawan ci gaban launi da kwanciyar hankali lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don watsa baƙin carbon a masana'antar tawada. Domin inganta aikin lu'ulu'u, Lubrizol 32500 da BESM® 9245 sun bayyana ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Idan aka kwatanta da nau'ikan farko guda biyu, masu rarraba polymer masu rarrabawa suna da tsarin ƙwayoyin halitta masu zagaye da ƙungiyoyin haɗin launi masu ƙarfi, yawanci tare da haɓaka launi mai ban mamaki da aikin rage danko mai ƙarfi. Ana iya daidaita daidaiton abubuwan da ke wargaza polyurethane a wurare daban-daban, galibi suna rufe dukkan resin alkyd daga dogon mai zuwa gajeriyar mai, duk resin polyester mai cike da sinadarai, da resin acrylic hydroxyl, kuma yana iya daidaita yawancin baƙaƙen carbon da launukan halitta na tsari daban-daban. Tunda har yanzu akwai adadi mai yawa na ma'auni daban-daban tsakanin nauyin kwayoyin halitta 6000-15000, abokan ciniki suna buƙatar tantance daidaito da adadin ƙari.

Masu rarraba polymerization kyauta masu sarrafawa
Bayan shekarar 1990, an ƙara inganta buƙatar kasuwa ta watsa launuka kuma an sami ci gaba a fasahar haɗa polymer, kuma an haɓaka sabbin ƙarni na masu watsa polymerization masu sarrafa kansu.

Tsarin polymerization mai sauƙin sarrafawa (CFRP) yana da tsari mai kyau, tare da ƙungiyar toshewa a ƙarshen polymer ɗin da kuma ɓangaren da aka warware a ɗayan ƙarshen. CFRP yana amfani da monomers iri ɗaya kamar polymerization na al'ada, amma saboda monomers ɗin an shirya su akai-akai akan sassan kwayoyin halitta kuma rarraba nauyin kwayoyin halitta ya fi daidaituwa, aikin polymer dispersant ɗin da aka haɗa yana da tsalle mai kyau. Wannan ƙungiyar toshewa mai inganci yana inganta ƙarfin hana flocculation na mai watsawa da haɓaka launi na pigment. Sashen da aka warware daidai yana ba wa mai watsawa ƙarancin ɗanko mai launi da ƙarin pigment mai yawa, kuma mai watsawa yana da jituwa mai yawa da kayan tushe na resin daban-daban.

Ci gaban na'urorin watsawa na zamani yana da tarihin ƙasa da shekaru 100. Akwai nau'ikan na'urorin watsawa da yawa don launuka daban-daban da tsarin a kasuwa. Babban tushen kayan watsawa har yanzu shine albarkatun mai. Ƙara yawan kayan watsawa da ake sabuntawa a cikin na'urorin watsawa wata hanya ce mai kyau ta ci gaba. Daga tsarin haɓaka na'urorin watsawa, na'urorin watsawa suna ƙara inganci. Ko dai ikon rage danko ne ko haɓaka launi da sauran ƙwarewa suna inganta a lokaci guda, wannan tsari zai ci gaba a nan gaba.

Sabbin Kayayyakin da aka sake Haifa na Nanjing suna bayar dawakili mai watsa ruwa don fenti da shafi, har da wasu da suka dace da Disperbyk.