I. Amagama kunye neenkcazo

Ukukhanya kwelanga kuqulathe ukukhanya okukhulu kwe-ultraviolet (UV), kunye namaza obude obumalunga ne-290-460 nm, oku kuyingozi kwizinto ezinemibala. Oku kukhanya kwe-UV okuyingozi kubangela ukuba iimolekyuli zombala zibole kwaye ziphele ngenxa ye-chemical redox reaction. Ukusebenzisa ii-UV absorbers kunokuthintela okanye kunciphise ngempumelelo imiphumo eyonakalisayo yemitha ye-UV kwizinto ezikhuselweyo.

I-UV absorber sisizinzisi sokukhanya esifunxa inxalenye ye-UV yelanga kunye nemithombo yokukhanya ekhanyayo ngaphandle kokutshintsha ngokwaso. Phantsi kwelanga kunye ne-fluorescence, iiplastiki kunye nezinye iipolymers zifumana ii-auto-oxidation reactions ngenxa yesenzo semitha ye-UV, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuwohlokeni nasekuwohlokeni kwe-polymer, nto leyo ebangela inkangeleko embi kunye neempawu zoomatshini. Ukongeza ii-UV absorbers kukhetha ukufunxa le mitha ye-UV enamandla aphezulu, kuyiguqula ibe ngamandla angenabungozi akhutshwayo okanye asetyenziswayo. Ekubeni iipolymers ezahlukeneyo zinemitha ye-UV eyahlukeneyo ebangela ukuwohloka, ii-UV absorbers ezahlukeneyo zifunxa amaza ahlukeneyo emitha ye-UV. Ke ngoko, i-UV absorber efanelekileyo kufuneka ikhethwe ngokusekelwe kuhlobo lwepolymer esetyenzisiweyo.

II. Ukwahlulwahlulwa kunye nemisebenzi yee-Ultraviolet Absorbers

Izifunxi ze-ultraviolet kufuneka zihlangabezane nale miqathango ilandelayo:

① Ingafunxa kakhulu imisebe ye-ultraviolet (ingakumbi imisebe ye-ultraviolet enamaza obude obuyi-290 ~ 400nm); ② Izinzile kakuhle kubushushu kwaye ayitshintshi ngenxa yobushushu nokuba ngexesha lokucubungula, kunye nokuguquguquka okuphantsi kobushushu; ③ Izinzile kakuhle kwiikhemikhali kwaye ayizukusabela kakubi kwizinto ezikwimveliso; ④ Inokuqhekeka kakuhle kwaye ingasasazeka ngokulinganayo kwizinto ngaphandle kokudubula okanye ukuvuza; ⑤ Isifunxi ngokwaso sizinzile kakuhle kwi-photochemical, asiboli, kwaye asitshintshi umbala; ⑥ Ayinambala, ayinatyhefu, kwaye ayinavumba; ⑦ Iyahlanjwa; ⑧ Ayibizi kakhulu kwaye ifumaneka lula.

IiBenzotriazole UV absorbers zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu eTshayina okwangoku, kodwa iiTriazine UV absorbers zibonisa ukusebenza okungcono kakhulu kuneBenzotriazoles. IiTriazine absorbers zineempawu ezibalaseleyo zokufunxa i-UV, kunye nezinye iingenelo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwiipolymers. Zibonisa uzinzo oluhle kakhulu kubushushu, uzinzo oluhle lokucubungula, kunye nokumelana ne-asidi. Kwizicelo ezisebenzayo, iiTriazine UV absorbers zibonisa isiphumo esinamandla sokusebenzisana kunye nezithinteli zokukhanya kwe-amine; xa zisetyenziswa kunye, zivelisa iziphumo ezingcono kunaxa zisetyenziswa zodwa.

III. Ii-absorbers ezininzi eziqhelekileyo ze-ultraviolet

(1) Iimveliso zempendulo ze-o-nitroaniline kunye ne-p-cresol

Ibonakala njengeekristale ezingenambala okanye ezimthubi okhanyayo. Iyanyibilika kwiinyibilikisi ezininzi ze-organic ezifana nepetroli, ibenzene, kunye ne-acetone. Ayinyibiliki kakhulu emanzini kwaye ayiboliswa yi-alkalis okanye ii-asidi ezixineneyo. Ingasabela kwii-ion zesinyithi esinzima ukwenza iityuwa. Ingafunxa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ngamaza obude obuyi-270-280 nm. Indawo yayo yokunyibilika yi-130-131℃.

Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiiresini ezifana ne-polyester, i-polyester ekhlorini, i-cellulose acetate, i-polyvinyl chloride, i-polystyrene, i-plexiglass, kunye ne-polyacrylonitrile. Ibonisa uzinzo olungcono kwiimveliso ezicacileyo kunakwiimveliso ezinemibala. Umlinganiselo kwiimveliso ezigqityiweyo yi-≤0.5%.

(2) 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (UV-9)

Umgubo wekristale otyheli okanye omhlophe okhanyayo. Ubuninzi 1.324 g/cm³. Iqondo lokunyibilika 62-66℃. Iqondo lokubila 150-160℃ (0.67 kPa), 220℃ (2.4 kPa). Iyanyibilika kwiintlambululi ezininzi ze-organic ezifana ne-acetone, ii-ketones, i-benzene, i-methanol, i-ethyl acetate, i-methyl ethyl ketone, kunye ne-ethanol; ayinyibiliki emanzini. Ukunyibilika (g/100g, 25℃) kwezinye izintlambululi kulandelayo: i-benzene 56.2, i-n-hexane 4.3, i-ethanol (95%) 5.8, i-carbon tetrachloride 34.5, i-styrene 51.2, i-DOP 18.7.

Njengesixhobo sokufunxa i-UV, ifanelekile kwiiplastiki ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-polyvinyl chloride, i-polyvinylidene chloride, i-polymethyl methacrylate, i-unsaturated polyester, i-ABS resin, kunye ne-cellulose resin. Uluhlu oluphezulu lobude bokufunxa yi-280 ~ 340nm, kwaye idosi eqhelekileyo yi-0.1% ~ 1.5%. Izinzile kakuhle kubushushu kwaye ayiboli kwi-200℃. Le mveliso ayifunxi phantse ukukhanya okubonakalayo, okwenza ifaneleke kwiimveliso ezikhanyayo nezicacileyo. Ingasetyenziswa nakwiipeyinti kunye nerabha yokwenziwa.

(3) 2-Hydroxy-4-n-octyloxybenzophenone (UV-531)

Umgubo wekristale otyheli okanye omhlophe okhanyayo. Ubuninzi 1.160 g/cm³ (25℃). Iqondo lokunyibilika 48~49℃. Inyibilika kwi-acetone, i-benzene, i-ethanol, kunye ne-isopropanol; inyibilika kancinci kwi-dichloroethane; ayinyibiliki emanzini. Ukunyibilika (g/100g, 25℃) kwezinye izinyibilikisi zezi: i-acetone 74, i-benzene 72, i-methanol 2, i-ethanol (95%) 2.6, i-n-heptane 40, i-n-hexane 40.1, amanzi 0.5.

Njengesixhobo sokufunxa i-UV, ifunxa kakhulu ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ngamaza obude obuyi-270-330 nm. Ingasetyenziswa kwiiplastiki ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, i-polystyrene, i-ABS resin, i-polycarbonate, kunye ne-polyvinyl chloride. Ihambelana kakuhle nee-resins kwaye iphantsi kokuguquguquka. Umthamo oqhelekileyo yi-0.1% ukuya kwi-1%. Inesiphumo esihle sokusebenzisana xa isetyenziswa nomlinganiselo omncinci we-4,4-thiobis (6-tert-butyl-p-cresol). Le mveliso ingasetyenziswa njengesizinzisi sokukhanya kwiingubo ezahlukeneyo.

(4) 2-(2′-hydroxy-3′,5′-di-tert-phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole (UV-327) sisifunxi se-UV esineempawu ezifanayo kwaye sisetyenziswa njenge-benzotriazole UV-326. Sifunxa kakhulu ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ngamaza obude obuyi-270 ~ 380nm, sizinzile kakuhle kwiikhemikhali, kwaye sinokuguquguquka okuphantsi kakhulu. Sihambelana kakuhle nee-polyolefins. Sifanelekile ngokukodwa kwi-polyethylene kunye ne-polypropylene. Ukongeza, singasetyenziswa nakwi-polyvinyl chloride, i-polymethyl methacrylate, i-polyoxymethylene, i-polyurethane, i-unsaturated polyester, i-ABS resin, i-epoxy resin, i-cellulose resin, njl. Le mveliso inokumelana okuhle kakhulu nobushushu, ukuhlanjwa, ukumelana nokufiphala kwegesi, kunye nokugcinwa kweempawu zoomatshini. Sinefuthe elibalulekileyo lentsebenziswano xa sisetyenziswa nee-antioxidants. Sisetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukuzinza kwe-thermo-oxidative yeemveliso.

(5) I-Resorcinol monobenzoate yipowder emhlophe ekristale. Iqondo lokunyibilika 132 ~ 135℃. Ubuninzi bobuninzi yi-0.68 g/cm³ (20%). Inyibilika kwi-acetone kunye ne-ethanol, inyibilika kancinci kwi-benzene, amanzi, i-n-heptane, njl. Njenge-UV light stabilizer, ukusebenza kwayo kufana nokwe-benzophenone-based light stabilizers. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-polyvinyl chloride, i-cellulose resin, kunye ne-polystyrene, ngesiqhelo kwi-dosage ye-1% ukuya kwi-2%.