Cholinga chachikulu chowonjezera mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku zinthu zotsukira ndi ziwiri: kuteteza nsalu ndikuletsa kuwonongeka kwa khungu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mabakiteriya. Pakadali pano, mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo wochapira zovala ndi awa:

1. Mankhwala Ophera Mabakiteriya Okhala ndi Chlorine

Triclocarban

Chifukwa cha kupha kwake kwakukulu komanso kogwira mtima kwambiri komanso kuletsa zotsatira zake pa mabakiteriya a Gram-positive, mabakiteriya a Gram-negative, bowa, yisiti, mavairasi, ndi zina zotero, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya komanso osungira zinthu zotsukira, zodzoladzola, mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zotsitsimutsa mpweya, zomaliza nsalu ndi zikopa, ma deodorants ndi zinthu zina. Triclocarban ili ndi mphamvu yopha mabakiteriya mwachangu, ndi yotetezeka komanso yopanda poizoni, ndipo sisungunuka m'madzi. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pakhungu kapena nsalu zokhala ndi ulusi, siitsuka mosavuta ikatsukidwa, motero nthawi zonse imakhala ndi mphamvu yopha mabakiteriya komanso bacteriostatic. Monga mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya a anionic, triclocarban imagwirizana bwino komanso imakhala yokhazikika mu sopo, imakhala yokhazikika ku kuwala ndi kutentha, siidzayambitsa kusintha kwa mtundu wa chinthucho, kapena kuipitsa zovala ndi khungu. Mayeso asonyeza kuti kuwonjezera kwa triclocarban sikukhudza kwambiri mphamvu ya sopo wamadzimadzi komanso thovu, ndipo imakhala ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwambiri komanso kotsika. Imagwirizana bwino komanso imakhala yolimba ndi sopo, choncho ndi yoyenera kwambiri kutsuka zinthu monga sopo, zotsukira thupi, shampu, ufa wotsuka, sopo wochapira zovala ndi zotsukira m'manja.

Triclosan

Triclosan, yokhala ndi dzina lasayansi lakuti "2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether" ndi formula ya mankhwala C₁₂H₇Cl₃O₂, imadziwikanso kuti "triclosan". Munthawi yabwinobwino, ndi ufa woyera kapena wosakhala woyera wokhala ndi fungo la phenolic pang'ono. Yosasungunuka m'madzi, imasungunuka mosavuta mu alkaline solutions ndi organic solvents, ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kupha ndi kuletsa zotsatira pa mabakiteriya a Gram-positive, bowa, yisiti ndi mavairasi (monga hepatitis A, hepatitis B, rabies virus, HIV). Siikwiyitsa khungu ndipo imagwiranso ntchito mofanana polimbana ndi mabakiteriya osagonjetsedwa ndi maantibayotiki komanso osagonjetsedwa ndi maantibayotiki.

Monga mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya ambiri, triclosan imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo/sopo waukhondo wothandiza kwambiri, mafuta odzola aukhondo, mankhwala otsukira mano/mapazi, mankhwala otsukira mano m'manja, mankhwala otsukira mano m'mabala, mankhwala otsukira mano m'zida zachipatala, mankhwala otsukira nkhope/ma kirimu, mankhwala otsukira mpweya ndi mankhwala otsukira mano m'firiji. Imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pomaliza nsalu zaukhondo komanso mankhwala oletsa dzimbiri a pulasitiki. Triclosan yoyera kwambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mankhwala otsukira mano ndi mankhwala otsukira mano mkamwa pochiza matenda a gingivitis, periodontitis ndi zilonda za mkamwa, ndi kuchuluka kwa 0.05% mpaka 0.3%.

Diclosan

Dzina lake la mankhwala ndi 4,4′-dichloro-2-hydroxydiphenyl ether, chidule chake ndiDiclosan DB-100. Mu mkhalidwe wabwinobwino, ndi madzi achikasu otumbululuka. Osasungunuka m'madzi, osungunuka mu zosungunulira zachilengedwe ndi mayankho a surfactant, amatha kusakanikirana ndi ma surfactants a anionic, non-ionic, amphoteric ndi cationic, omwe amalimbana ndi kutentha mpaka 200°C komanso amakhala okhazikika bwino m'malo okhala ndi alkaline.Diclosan DB-100Ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe ndi otetezeka komanso ogwira mtima, omwe ali ndi mphamvu yabwino yoletsa mabakiteriya onse a Gram-positive ndi Gram-negative. Ndi oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa zinthu zosamalira m'nyumba ndi nsalu, ziwiya za kukhitchini kapena kuyeretsa pamalo olimba. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito limodzi ndi bleach yogwira ntchito poyeretsa, koma sakhazikika akasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali m'makina amphamvu ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (active bleaching). Kuchuluka koyenera kowonjezera mu sopo wochapira zovala ndi ≤ 0.6%.

Pakadali pano, mankhwala ambiri ophera mabakiteriya omwe ali pamsika ali ndi triclosan ndi triclocarban. Kafukufuku wina wotchulidwa ndi US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) akusonyeza kuti kukhala ndi zosakaniza zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala ophera mabakiteriya kwa nthawi yayitali, monga triclosan ndi triclocarban, kungakhudze kukana kwa mankhwala kapena kuchuluka kwa mahomoni m'thupi la munthu, zomwe zingabweretse mavuto pa thanzi. Nkhaniyi yapangitsa kuti ogula asamaone bwino chitetezo cha triclosan ndi triclocarban, zomwe zimachepetsa kuvomereza kwawo mankhwala otere. Popeza diclosan ili ndi atomu imodzi yochepa ya chlorine kuposa triclosan, siikwiya kwambiri thupi la munthu motero imakhala ndi chizolowezi cholowa m'malo mwa triclosan.

2. Mankhwala Ophera Bactericides a Phenolic

Chloroxylenol (PCMX)

Dzina lake la mankhwala ndi 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, chidule chake ndi PCMX. Ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, otetezeka komanso opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Amapha mabakiteriya ambiri a Gram-positive, negative, bowa ndi nkhungu, sakwiyitsa, ndipo ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe sawononga kwambiri. Angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'mafakitale ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena osamalira thupi, monga ma shampoo ophera dandruff, ochapira m'manja, sopo ndi sopo zina zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Povomerezedwa ndi US FDA, PCMX ndiye mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amakonda kwambiri omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa 0.5%, ndipo amatha kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi pa chiŵerengero cha 1:120 akagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chloroxylenol sigwirizana ndi ma surfactants osakhala a ionic ndi methylcellulose. Pakadali pano, mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena zotsukira zovala zophera tizilombo zomwe zili pamsika zawonjezera mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

2,4-Dichloro-3,5-dimethylphenol (DCMX)

DCMX ndi ufa wotuwa kapena wachikasu wopepuka kapena wofanana ndi kristalo wokhala ndi fungo lapadera, kutentha kwake kumafika madigiri 92-95 Celsius, wovuta kusungunuka m'madzi, ndipo umasungunuka mosavuta mu mowa monga ethanol, isopropanol, glycerol ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe. Ndi mankhwala amphamvu kwambiri, amphamvu komanso amphamvu opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mankhwalawa ali ndi mphamvu yopha komanso yoletsa mitundu yoposa 10 ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo apadera ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso kupewa bowa m'makampani opanga zikopa.

Pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophenolic disinfectants, zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa mabakiteriya sizisungunuka m'madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupanga phenol panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito. Phenol ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino padziko lonse chomwe chimayambitsa khansa, chomwe chimayambitsa kuipitsa chilengedwe kwambiri ndipo chimabweretsa zoopsa zina.

3. Zina

2-Phenoxyethanol (EPH/EP)

2-Phenoxyethanol, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti ethylene glycol monophenyl ether kapena phenoxyethanol, ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda padziko lonse lapansi. Ili ndi mphamvu zambiri, chitetezo, poizoni wochepa, yosakwiyitsa komanso yopanda kuipitsa, ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi dzimbiri ndi kuyeretsa m'mankhwala, zodzoladzola, zinthu zotsukira m'nyumba, komanso kuyeretsa ndi kusunga zopukutira zonyowa ndi zodzoladzola. 2-Phenoxyethanol ili ndi mbiri yayitali yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndi yotetezeka komanso yosakwiyitsa thupi la munthu, imatha kuwongolera bwino mabakiteriya, yisiti ndi nkhungu, ndipo imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zogwirizana ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zosakaniza zina zophera tizilombo. Monga mankhwala ophera tizilombo osagwiritsa ntchito ionic, EPH imagwirizana bwino komanso imakhala yokhazikika m'ma formula, ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa pH yochuluka (pH 2-12). Imagwirizananso bwino komanso imakhala yokhazikika m'malo amchere omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'ma sopo, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso deodorant wamba komanso wogwira mtima kwambiri m'maiko aku Europe ndi America.

Ngati muli ndi zofunikira pakutsuka mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, musazengereze kuteroLumikizanani nafenthawi iliyonse.