Te whakaputanga o te utu hiko pūmau

Ko te kaha o te totoka ki te kawe i te utu ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā āhuatanga o te mata, te pūmau dielectric, te ātete mata, me te haumākū whanaunga o te taiao e karapoti ana. Ko tōna kaha ki te kawe i te utu he rite whakamuri ki tōna pūmau dielectric me te haumākū whanaunga, ā, he rite tonu ki tōna ātete mata. Ka rerekē te tohu o te utu i runga i te rauemi; ko ngā rauemi he iti ake ngā pūmau dielectric ka utua pai.

E pā ana ngā āhuatanga ārai ki te hanga hiko pateko. Mā te hanganga matū o te nuinga o ngā kirihou e whakaatu he pai rawa atu ēnei hei ārai, ā, he mea nui ēnei mō ngā taputapu auau teitei pērā i te radar. Nā te mea he iti te kawe hiko o te nuinga o ngā kirihou, kāore e taea e rātou te tere te hora i te utu hiko, he rerekētanga tēnei i waenga i ngā kirihou me ngā konganuku.

I te wā e whakamahia ana ngā hua kirihou, ka taea e te hiko pateko te whakararu i ngā raruraru maha, ā, ka arahi atu ki ngā hua kino, tae atu ki ngā hua morearea. Ko ngā tūponotanga tino kitea ko: te nui o te paru e pupū ake ana i runga i ngā mata kirihou; te hiko pateko e kukume ana i te puehu e pā ana ki te kounga oro o ngā rekoata; te hiko pateko e whakaputa ana i te ahua "oho hiko" kino i roto i te hunga e whakamahi ana i ngā whāriki muka hangai, i ngā papa kirihou rānei; te piri pateko i waenga i ngā kiriata kirihou me ngā rau, e whakararuraru ana i te hanga noa; me te paura totoka e piri tahi ana i te wā e kawe ana i te hau. Ka taea e ngā mura e puta mai ana i ngā kohinga nui o te utu pateko te mura i ngā ranunga o te hau me te puehu, ngā whakarewa rauropi rānei, ka waiho hei take o ngā pahūtanga whakangaro maha.

Ngā mahi hei pehi i te utu hiko pūmau

(1) Te whakanui ake i te haumākū whanaunga：I te pikinga ake o te haumākū taiao o ngā hua whakarewa, ka piki ake hoki te kawe hiko o te mata, ā, ka tere ake te memeha o te utu. Hei tauira, ina teitei ake te haumākū whanaunga o te polyamide mimiti wai i te 65%, kāore he hiko pateko. I tetahi atu taha, ina iti iho te haumākū whanaunga i te 20%, kāore e taea te karo i ngā raruraru taurite utu mata. I tēnei take, ko te huarahi tino whai hua hei pehi i te hiko pateko ko te tāpiri i tētahi whāriki kawe hiko hei whakaiti i te ātete rōrahi.

(2) Whakanuia te kawe hiko o te hau:mā te whakamahi i tētahi ionizer e mahi ana i runga i te mātāpono o te hiko, o te irahiko rānei hei whakanui ake i te kawe hiko o te hau, kia tere ai te marara o te utu ki te hau taiao.

(3) Whakanuia te kawe hiko o te mata mā te tāpiri i ngā matū tāpiri (ngā mea ārai-patunga) ki ngā kirihou, mā te tāpiri rānei i aua mea ki te mata hei whakanui ake i te kawe hiko o te mata, ā, mā reira ka marara te utu patunga.

 Hanganga Matū o ngā Ārai-Patū

Ko ngā matū ārai-pūmau he tāpiringa e tāpirihia ana ki ngā matū whakarewa, e pania ana rānei ki te mata o ngā hua whakarewa hei whakaiti i te hanga hiko pateko. I runga i te tikanga tono, ka taea te wehewehe i ngā matū ārai-pūmau ki ngā wāhanga matua e rua: te tono ā-roto me te tono ā-waho.

2.Ngā Kaihoko Ārai-Patū ā-Roto

Ka tāpirihia ngā matū ārai-pūmau kua tāpirihia ki roto ki ngā pūmua hei matū horoi i mua atu, i te wā rānei e hangaia ana. He āhuatanga hohe-mata katoa ēnei, ā, ka taea te heke me te whakakotahi ki runga i te mata o ngā wāhanga kua hangaia. Kei roto i ēnei tāpiringa ngā rōpū hydrophilic me hydrophobic i roto i ō rātou ngota. He hototahi ngā rōpū hydrophobic ki te pūmua, ā, ka taea e ngā ngota te piri ki te mata o te hua, ko ngā rōpū hydrophilic ia e mahi ana mā te here me te whakawhitiwhiti ki ngā ngota wai i runga i te mata o te hua. Ko te nuinga o ngā matū ārai-pūmau me ngā āhuatanga hohe-mata ka taea te whakarōpū ki ngā momo cationic, anionic, me te non-ionic.

1.Ngā Kaihoko Ārai-Patūānuku Cationic:I roto i tēnei momo matū ārai-pūmau, ko te wāhanga hohe o te ngota ngota he rōpū cationic nui, ā, he maha ngā wā he rōpū alkyl roa, pērā i ngā tote ammonium quaternary, ngā tote sulfonium quaternary, ngā tote sulfonium quaternary rānei. Ko ngā anion te nuinga o te wā ka hangaia i te wā o ngā tauhohenga quaternization, pērā i ngā chlorides, ngā methyl sulfates, me ngā nitrates. Ko ngā matū ārai-pūmau tote ammonium quaternary te nuinga o tēnei kāwai o ngā hua arumoni. Ko ngā matū ārai-pūmau cationic te mea tino whai hua ki ngā matrices polar (pērā i ngā polymers PVC me te styrene). Heoi, he iti noa te whakamahinga o ēnei matū nā te mea he pānga kino ki te pumau wera o ētahi polymers.

2. Ngā Ākena Ārai-Patūānuku Anionic: I roto i tēnei momo ākena ārai-patūānuku, ko te wāhanga hohe o te ngota he anionic. Ko ngā alkyl sulfonates, ngā sulfates, ngā phosphates, ngā dithiocarbamates, ngā carboxylates rānei he maha ngā anions, ko ngā kationa he ion konganuku alkali, ā, i ētahi wā he ion konganuku whenua alkaline. Hei tauira, he whānuitia te whakamahinga o te konutai alkyl sulfonate i roto i te ahumahi nā te mea ka tutuki i a ia ngā pānga ārai-patūānuku pai i roto i ngā polymer polyvinyl chloride me te polystyrene, engari he iti noa ngā herenga o tana whakamahinga i roto i ngā polyolefins.

3. Ngā kaihoko ārai-pūmau kore-ionicHe rōpū ngota ngota mata-kaha tō ēnei matū ārai-pūmau, kāore he utu, ā, he iti rawa te polarity (ko te nuinga he polyethylene glycol esters, he ethers rānei, he fatty acid esters, he ethanolamines rānei, he mono- diglycerides, he diglycerides rānei, me ngā ethoxylated fatty amines). Ko te nuinga o ēnei ka tukuna ā-pākihi hei wai, hei ware piro-ngohengohe rānei.

Nā te iti o te kaha o ēnei tāpiringa, he pai rawa atu ēnei hei ārai-pūmau ā-roto mō te polyethylene me te polypropylene, ā, he tino hototahi hoki. He rerekē te matotoru, te kiritio, me ngā hanganga ngota moroiti o ngā momo polyethylene me te polypropylene. Nō reira, kia whiwhi ai i te hanganga ngota tino pai mō ia ārai-pūmau, me whakarerekē te roa o te mekameka alkyl me te maha o ngā rōpū hydroxyl, ether rānei i roto i te matū. Mā tēnei anake ka taea te whakarite i te pānga tono e hiahiatia ana. Hei tauira, ko ngā ārai-pūmau noa e whakamahia ana i roto i te polypropylene he iti ake te whai hua ina whakamahia ki te polyethylene iti-kiato, me te ritenga kē.

 Ārai ārai-pūmau momo paninga o waho

Ka whakamahia ngā matū ārai-pūmau o waho ki te mata o ngā wāhanga kua whakarewahia hei wai, hei waipiro rānei. Nā te rerekētanga o ngā tikanga tono, ka iti ake te hiranga o ngā whakaritenga hanganga kua whakahuatia i roto i ngā matū ārai-pūmau o roto. Ko ngā matū katoa e kaha ana ki te mata, me te maha o ngā matū hygroscopic kāore e kaha ana ki te mata (pērā i te glycerin, polyols, me te polyethylene glycol), he āhuatanga ārai-pūmau kei a rātou ki ngā taumata rerekē, ā, kāore te whai huatanga o ēnei matū e pāngia e tō rātou hototahi ki te polymer, e tō rātou hekenga rānei ki roto i te polymer.